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Table of Contents

1. Websites I am making

2. Chicago layover itinerary

  • From reddit the architecture boat tour is amazing
  • you can take the blue line train into the city from the ORD or chicago airport
  • i made a map of places from the clark/lake station of places you can walk to https://maps.app.goo.gl/wKMfKW9fcQxs2Rgj9
  • Here is a self guided walking tour of millenium park https://www.evisitorguide.com/chicago/metrowalkz/millennium-park-chicago-walking-tour/index.php
  • Oh I forgot. Intelligentsia is in Chicago. Great coffee shop.
  • I'd personally chart a course from the blue line to millenium park to go to intelligentsia coffee along the way. Then you make a decision about going south for museums or north to the pier. You can walk across the bridge after millenium park and then see the wrigley building and make your way towards navy pier though i don't know if there is anything really to do there.. so i would probably go south towards the museums of which there are the contemporary art museum, a military museum, a photography museum, a library, etc.

2.1. suggestions

The Clark/Lake station in downtown Chicago is conveniently located near several attractions, dining options, and activities for tourists. Here are some places you can explore within walking distance from the station:

Chicago Riverwalk: Just a short walk from Clark/Lake station, the Chicago Riverwalk offers scenic views of the Chicago River, as well as dining options, boat tours, and recreational activities.

Millennium Park: Approximately a 10-15 minute walk from the station, Millennium Park is home to iconic attractions such as the Cloud Gate sculpture (commonly known as "The Bean"), Crown Fountain, and Jay Pritzker Pavilion. It's a great spot for sightseeing and taking photos.

Art Institute of Chicago: One of the most renowned art museums in the world, the Art Institute of Chicago is located within walking distance from Clark/Lake station. Explore a vast collection of artworks spanning various periods and cultures.

Chicago Cultural Center: Right across the street from Millennium Park, the Chicago Cultural Center hosts exhibitions, performances, and events showcasing arts and culture. Admission is free, making it an accessible option for visitors.

Chicago Loop Architecture Tour: Numerous architectural landmarks are scattered around the Loop area, and you can take a guided walking tour or a river cruise to learn about the city's rich architectural history.

Dining Options: There are plenty of dining options near Clark/Lake station catering to various tastes and budgets. From casual eateries to upscale restaurants, you'll find a wide range of cuisines to choose from.

Remember to check the opening hours and any entry requirements for attractions, especially museums, as they may vary. Additionally, it's always a good idea to explore the area on foot to discover hidden gems and unique experiences.

3. Politics

3.1. Predictions

Nietzsche argued that a fundamental human motivation is a "will to power"- a drive for people to express themselves creatively, leaving their mark on the world but also to assert dominance over others. Trump exemplifies this drive to an extreme degree as he has a narcissistic and antisocial personality disorder. He has an insatiable need for praise and wealth. In addition, Trump has an ideology of "good genes," reflecting broader notions of eugenics and white supremacy. His actions and policies will be driven by a mix of self-interest, white supremacy, and a relentless pursuit of wealth.

3.1.1. Trump Ideology: White Supremacy and Eugenics

The predominant ideology that Trump believes in is sexism, white supremacy, and eugenics. It's this ideology that justifies his xenophobia and policies targeting Mexicans and Africans. This is deep seated as his father was arrested after a KKK rally https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/04/04/fred-trump-arrests/. In addition, multiple comments by Trump over the years bear this out. He doesn't want immigrants from Africa or "shithole countries," that Mexican immigrants are rapists, his "Muslim ban", and that he is ok with "finishing the job" insinuating the extermination of the Palestinian people. There are other examples of racism including being sued for discriminating against black tenants, his birtherism controversy, and taking out an ad against the central park five. He has made comments about eugenics as well.

“How about allowing people to come through an open border, 13,000 of which were murderers. Many of them murdered far more than one person, and they’re now happily living in the United States. You know, now a murderer, I believe this, it’s in their genes. And we’ve got a lot of bad genes in our country right now.” - https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/donald-trump-wants-to-make-eugenics-great-again-lets-not/

In addition, Trump told his nephew that he should let his disabled son die (https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/24/trump-nephew-book-disabled-son-die).

3.1.2. Implication of Eugenics on Policies

Given this ideology, I believe Trump is serious about finding undocumented immigrants and putting them into camps with wretched conditions. During his previous immigration policy, his administration argued that soap, adequate bedding, or toothbrushes did not need to be provided (https://www.texastribune.org/2019/06/21/detained-migrant-children-no-toothbrush-no-soap/). Spending money on non-white, immigrants

I'd also argue, he'd roll back any programs that help people with "bad genes" including the mentally ill, homeless, people in the justice system, and disabled.

3.1.3. Trump Sexist Ideology

Trump views women as sexualized objects that are trophies that he has conquered. Their feelings and thoughts are not as important as their looks. You can see this in his rhetoric, the requirement about the looks of the women he surrounds himself with (Alina Habba, the transformation in the look of the potential vice president candidate Kristi Noem (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/20/style/kristi-noem-teeth-trump-vice-president.html).

3.1.4. Implications of Sexist Ideology through Policy

Policies surrounding child care, equal pay between men and women, student debt (inherently sexist due to difference in pay between men and women), and maternal leave will be in jeopardy. His administration will certainly favor employers over employees with these kinds of disputes.

3.1.5. Trump's effect on media and free speech

Trump has authoritarian tendencies and one of the first steps in authoritarian governments is controlling the media. This should have an effect on academic freedom specifically surrounding research on racism and gender dysphoric disorders. However academic freedom of speech has already become limited.

3.1.6. Trump self-enrichment

The other driving force of Trump is a pathologic need for praise and money characteristic of people with narcissistic personality disorder. Trump profits off of his presidency from people and foreign governments investing in his hotels for influence in policy, improving his brand, and from people donating to him directly.

3.1.7. Trump's rhetoric that he does not believe

I also do not believe that Trump has a belief in ideology centered around Christianity. As such, I do not believe that he has pro-life ideology. He softened his stance on this during the campaign, and was pro-life when he was younger.

4. Propaganda

4.1. Propaganda by Bernays

  • Full text of "Propaganda"
  • bernays is one of the creators of public relations and wrote a book called propaganda.
  • he also worked with the united fruit company and tobacco industry for their propganda/advertising campaigns.
  • he apparently stopped working for tobacco when it was concluded that smoking causes cancer.
  • The opening of his book on propaganda is as follows:

4.1.1. Quotes

" The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country.

We are governed, our minds molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society.

Our invisible governors are, in many cases, unaware of the identity of their fellow members in the inner cabinet.

They govern us by their qualities of natural leadership, their ability to supply needed ideas and by their key position in the social structure. Whatever attitude one chooses toward this condition, it remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons—a trifling fraction of our hundred and twenty million—who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind, who harness old social forces and contrive new ways to bind and guide the world.

It is not usually realized how necessary these invisible governors are to the orderly functioning of our group life. In theory, every citizen may vote for whom he pleases. Our Constitution does not envisage political parties as part of the mechanism of government, and its framers seem not to have pictured to themselves the existence in our national politics of anything like the modern political machine. But the American voters soon found that without

organization and direction their individual votes, cast, perhaps, for dozens of hundreds of candidates, would produce nothing but confusion. Invisible government, in the shape of rudimentary political parties, arose almost overnight. Ever since then we have agreed, for the sake of simplicity and practicality, that party machines should narrow down the field of choice to two candidates, or at most three or four.

In theory, every citizen makes up his mind on public questions and matters of private conduct. In practice, if all men had to study for themselves the abstruse economic, political, and ethical data involved in every question, they would find it impossible to come to a conclusion without anything. We have voluntarily agreed to let an invisible government sift the data and high-spot the outstanding issue so that our field of choice shall be narrowed to practical proportions. From our leaders and the media they use to reach the public, we accept the evidence and the demarcation of issues bearing upon public question; from some ethical teacher, be it a minister, a favorite essayist, or merely prevailing opinion, we accept a standardized code of social conduct to which we conform most of the time.

In theory, everybody buys the best and cheapest commodities offered him on the market. In practice, if every one went around pricing, and chemically tasting before purchasing, the dozens of soaps or fabrics or brands of bread which are for sale, economic life would be hopelessly jammed. To avoid such confusion, society consents to have its choice narrowed to ideas and objects brought to it attention through propaganda of all kinds. There is consequently a vast and continuous effort going on to capture our minds in the interest of some policy or commodity or idea."

  • " Men are rarely aware of the real reasons which motivate their actions. A man may believe that he buys a motor car because, after careful study of the technical features of all makes on the market, he has concluded that this is the best. He is almost certainly fooling himself. He bought it, perhaps, because a friend whose financial acumen he respects bought one last week; or because his neighbors believed he was not able to afford a car of that class; or because its colors are those of his college fraternity. "
  • "No serious sociologist any longer believes that the voice of the people

expresses any divine or specially wise and lofty idea. The voice of the people expresses the mind of the people, and that mind is made up for it by the group leaders in whom it believes and by those persons who understand the manipulation of public opinion. It is composed of inherited prejudices and symbols and clichés and verbal formulas supplied to them by the leaders.

Fortunately, the sincere and gifted politician is able, by the instrument of propaganda, to mold and form the will of the people. "

5. Hegel's lord/bondsman or master/slave dialectic

5.1. Someone's Summary from sociology - Hegel's Master Slave dialectic - Philosophy Stack Exchange

  • There are two points I have to make before I get into this:
  • The story about the Master and Slave that Hegel spins out is allegory, almost a kind of creation myth. I've seen people try to apply it as though it were purely psychology, sociology, political philosophy, or etc, but those should be seen as extensions of the allegory, not its intention.
  • Hegel is primarily trying to get at the way self-consciousness develops dialectically from mere consciousness. That's a central move in his philosophy.
  • Keeping that in mind, Hegel's first position (the thesis) is that consciousness (what I'm calling mere consciousness) involves perceiving the world as an assortment of 'things' separate from the self. In this mode, the self is not a 'thing' in that same sense. The self is a separate entity with dominion over the things of the world — to use them, discard them, destroy them… — in that same 'Edenic' sense that Adam (as the sole human in that story) was given dominion over all the animals, plants, rocks, and seas. Note that the relationship of (mere) consciousness to these 'things' is ephemeral — it perceives a thing, it uses the thing, the thing is gone from perception — and so consciousness only has an ephemeral relationship to any notion of 'self'.
  • Now Hegel creates the problem (the antithesis): a second (mere) consciousness appears in the world. This causes a problem because each consciousness feels its sole dominion over the world is challenged; there is the potential for conflicts of interest. So in the allegory one consciousness doubles down on its right to dominion — its freedom — and becomes the lord or master. The other consciousness feels a fear of losing its freedom through death, submits to the will of the first consciousness, and becomes the servant or slave. The master becomes 'master' because it reduces the other to a 'thing' in the world (that can be used, discarded, destroyed…); the slave becomes 'slave' because it acknowledges the other as having sole dominion.
  • But note: here the master effectively retreats to the pre-conflict state, in which he has no relationship to his own self, but merely uses the things that present themselves in the world. The slave, by contrast, is forced to interact with the world as just another thing in the world, and is forced to interact with the master as a separate consciousness, and as such the slave is obliged to develop an established and continuing sense of 'self': self-consciousness. This self-consciousness arises as a result of the slave's role as a mediator between 'things' and the master's desires; this self-consciousness is the root of science, art, philosophy, and etc as the slave is obliged to produce things not for his own immediate use, but for the potential use of someone else. And as this self-consciousness and all its benefits grows in the slave, the master becomes progressively more infantile and dependent on the slave. The tables are turned, and eventually the master is forced to recognize the consciousness of the slave as co-equal, and thus start to develop self-consciousness in its own right.
  • In other words, the dialectical moment spawned by this confrontation of two (mere) consciousnesses forces both towards self-consciousness.

6. Plan New York   @home

6.0.1. Trip 10-28 to 10-31

  • Things we did not do
    • Something in any other burough
    • Observatory deck
    • 9/11 museum
    • Museum of the city of new york
    • Run Central Park
    • NYC Library
    • Coffee Shops
    • Brooklyn nightlife
    • Brooklyn music
    • Hell's Kitchen Nightlife
    • Attaboy
    • FIT museum (fashion institute of technology museum)

6.0.3. Map

6.0.4. History

  • 33 Black History Sites to Discover in NYC - Untapped New York
  • Explore NYC's Black History
  • Ground Zero: This morning you visit Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Plaza where you see the various sites associated with the September 11 attacks. The Reflecting Absence Memorial features two enormous waterfalls above reflecting pools set in the footprints of the original World Trade Centre Twin Towers.
  • 9/11 Memorial Museum: You continue with a visit to this sombre museum which is uniquely situated 20 metres below ground in the foundations of the Towers and which contains various artefacts as well as eyewitness testimony.

Financial District: Wall Street and the Financial District: In the afternoon you see the sights of the Financial District including Wall Street, the Stock Exchange and the famous Charging Bull.

  • Brooklyn Bridge Walk: Your guide will escort you by subway across the river to Brooklyn for a view of the city’s most iconic bridge. The skyline view of New York from Brooklyn Bridge Park is unforgettable, and after taking photos you can walk the pedestrian walkway across the bridge and back into Lower Manhattan. This is a boardwalk which runs above the traffic and so there are no cars to worry about. Spend your time on this and savour the views.
  • Ellis Island Immigration Museum: You continue to Ellis Island where you will visit the Immigration Museum which records the important role this island had in the processing of most of the immigrants to the USA during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Between 1892 and 1954, more than twelve million immigrants arrived at Ellis Island looking for a new life for them and their families.
  • Lower East Side & Tenement Museum: Back in Manhattan you will have time to explore the streets of the Lower East Side, one of New York’s most historic districts with its iconic Tenement Buildings. Once the home to New York’s Jewish immigrant community, the area is now home to China Town and there is an eclectic and vibrant blend of cultures. You can also visit the Tenement Museum which recreates the basic living conditions for immigrants at an apartment on Orchard Street.
  • Go to baltimore museum of art (Largest Matisse collection in the world)
    • 2-4 hour train trip from New York to Baltimore though
  • UN national headquarters

6.0.5. Music

Market hotel Elsewhere Holo - industrial techno Baby's all right

6.0.6. Food

  • Screamer pizza Brooklyn
  • Tompkins bagel
  • Jerrell vegan burger
  • Le petite mansier
  • Seitans helper
  • Spicy moon Manhattan ; get eggplant bun
  • Planta ; with cocktail, brunch- bang bang broccoli- Dan Dan noodles
  • Jajaja ; Mexican restaurant backs nachos, cocktails
  • Vegan on the fly ; halal food
  • asuka restaurant

6.0.7. Bars

6.0.8. Non History

  • gustav klimt in motion - https://www.ticketmaster.com/gustav-klimt-gold-in-motion-new-york-new-york-10-29-2022/event/30005CD0EE631A47
  • Thrift Shop in East Village | There are so many places to thrift in NYC including Goodwill, Salvation Army & Beacons Closet, but you’ll find many curated stores in the East Village. Some shops include Buffalo Exchange, L Train Vintage, AuH2O, Cure Thrift Shop, and Housing Works in SoHo.
  • Xiv show
  • Funky experiences. Com
  • Big apple greeter
  • New York Comedy Club
  • Broadway or off broadway show (will need planning)
  • Central Park
  • Pizza
  • Harlem - cookies
  • The strand for a tote bag
  • Top of the rock rooftop view
  • Greenwich village (three lives and co bookstore, music)

7. Recipe

8. Guns Germs and Steel

8.1. Yali's Question

  • “Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?”
  • Whites had arrived, imposed centralized government, and brought material goods whose value New Guineans instantly recognized, ranging from steel axes, matches, and medicines to clothing, soft drinks, and umbrellas. In New Guinea all these goods were referred to collectively as “cargo.”

8.2. Skim

8.2.1. Part 1

  • Preface to the Paperback Edition: Why Is World History Like an Onion?
  • PROLOGUEYALI’S QUESTION
  • The regionally differing courses of history
  • PART ONEFROM EDEN TO CAJAMARCA
  • CHAPTER 1UP TO THE STARTING LINE
  • What happened on all the continents before 11,000 B.C.?
  • CHAPTER 2A NATURAL EXPERIMENT OF HISTORY
  • How geography molded societies on Polynesian islands
  • CHAPTER 3COLLISION AT CAJAMARCA
  • Why the Inca emperor Atahuallpa did not capture King Charles I of Spain
  1. Questions and comments

    -So from this I'd be on the lookout for the following information. how does food production result in medicine, steel, and weapons? how does he demarcate each of the six chapters around the world… what is cajamarca…

    • Why is 11,000 BC the starting point? How doe geography result in changes to guns, germs, steel, food production.
    • how does geography influence the Inca emperor conquering King Charles I.

8.2.2. Part 2

  • PART TWOTHE RISE AND SPREAD OF FOOD PRODUCTION
  • CHAPTER 4FARMER POWER
  • The roots of guns, germs, and steel
  • CHAPTER 5HISTORY’S HAVES AND HAVE-NOTS
  • Geographic differences in the onset of food production
  • CHAPTER 6TO FARM OR NOT TO FARM
  • Causes of the spread of food production
  • CHAPTER 7HOW TO MAKE AN ALMOND
  • The unconscious development of ancient crops
  • CHAPTER 8APPLES OR INDIANS
  • Why did peoples of some regions fail to domesticate plants?
  • CHAPTER 9ZEBRAS, UNHAPPY MARRIAGES, AND THE ANNA KARENINA PRINCIPLE
  • Why were most big wild mammal species never domesticated?
  • CHAPTER 10SPACIOUS SKIES AND TILTED AXES
  • Why did food production spread at different rates on different continents?
  1. Questions and comments
    • so he's explaining how farming plays a seminal role in advancement.. then he is showing how geography and factors that result in the spread of farming practices make a difference.
    • farming requires domesticating plants and maybe also domesticating animals…

8.2.3. Part 3

  • PART THREEFROM FOOD TO GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL
  • CHAPTER 11LETHAL GIFT OF LIVESTOCK
  • The evolution of germs
  • CHAPTER 12BLUEPRINTS AND BORROWED LETTERS
  • The evolution of writing
  • CHAPTER 13NECESSITY’S MOTHER
  • The evolution of technology
  • CHAPTER 14FROM EGALITARIANISM TO KLEPTOCRACY
  • The evolution of government and religion
  1. Questions and comments
    • so Part 3… covers a lot.. first about how diseases go from livestock to people and how that shaped societies.. this will have to tie into Yali's question about how goods differ.

8.2.4. Part 4

  • PART FOURAROUND THE WORLD IN SIX CHAPTERS
  • CHAPTER 15YALI’S PEOPLE
  • The histories of Australia and New Guinea
  • CHAPTER 16HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE
  • The history of East Asia
  • CHAPTER 17SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA
  • The history of the Austronesian expansion
  • CHAPTER 18HEMISPHERES COLLIDING
  • The histories of Eurasia and the Americas compared
  • CHAPTER 19HOW AFRICA BECAME BLACK
  • The history of Africa
  • CHAPTER 20WHO ARE THE JAPANESE?
  • The history of Japan
  • EPILOGUETHE FUTURE OF HUMAN HISTORY AS A SCIENCE
  • 2017 Afterword: Rich and Poor Countries in Light of Guns, Germs, and Steel
  1. Questions and comments
    • so he divides the world into australia/new guinea ; east asia ; austronesian?? ; eurasia ; africa ; japan.. an interesting grouping.. he has america and eurasia kind of linked together..
    • but maybe he'll look at the factors he's discussed previously in the book and apply them to each of these regions and show how they developed inline with his arguments… that would be pretty interesting.

8.3. Chapter 2

  • Maori and Moriori represent a small test of environmental influences and food productione effecting society.
    • Maori and Moriori came from the same Polynesian farmers and their cultures developed differently after 500-1000 years.
    • The Maori were able to go to other islands, were able to establish farming, and became a war-like culture with tools, weapons, artwork and higher population density.
    • The Moriori lived in a small island, too cold for farming, and reverted to hunter-gatherer lifestyle without war, artwork, tools, and low population density.
    • Maori killed the Moriori because of environmental influences and food production.
  • Polynesians had a variety of societies as follows.
    • This included of hunter-gatherers, slash-and-burn farmers, and societies with intensive food production.
    • Food production included large irrigation systems, fish ponds, production of pigs/dogs/chicken.
    • Economic basis included self-sufficient houselhold to guilds of crafters.
    • Social organiztion ranged from egalitarian to hierarchical, endogamous classes.
    • Political organization ranged from independent tribal units to multi island proto-empires with military for conquest.
    • Material culture ranged from only personal utensils to large stone monuments
  • Looking at all the different islands and societies in Polynesia, Diamond argues that six factors changed Polynesian societies: climate, geological type, marine resources, area, terrain fragmentation, and isolation.
  • Climate
    • rainfall, snowfall, temperature which all relate to food production/farming.
  • Geologic type
    • richness of soil which relates to food production. mineral resources like iron, coal, jade which are "commercially exploitable", volcanic stones to build tools.
    • mountains create more rain, streams and deeper soils.
  • Marine resources (correlates to food production)
    • Shallowness of water and reefs correlate to amount of seafood. Deeper waters mean less seafood.
  • Isolation
    • Did societies commmunicate with other societies which is based on the distance they are from other societies.
  • Subsistence - from OED definition - Means of supporting life in persons or animals; means of support or livelihood.
    • mix of fishing, gathering wild plants, marine shell fish/crustacea, hunting birds, breeding seabirds, and food production.
    • dogs,pig,chicken were brought by ancestral Polynesians and no other animal was domesticated.
    • terrestial birds were exterminated and food production often depending on agriculture (but not possible in subantartic latitudes)
  • Population density was lowest with poor soil, limited fresh water, and climates tooc old for agriculture.
  • Societies with rich soil, but not high enough for streams developed labor intensive dryland agriculture which took large area.
  • Taro was the most productive crop in irrigated fields which was created in Hawaii. This helped with pig production. Hawaii also made fishponds for mullet and milkfish.

8.4. Chapter 4

  • Domesticating animals and plants allow for increased population sizes and "sedentary society"
  • Store food, use manure, and able to grow crops in lands previously unable because of plows.
  • More children (every 2 years in agro cultures, every 4 year for hunter-gather)
  • Specialized class when an elite controls growing food.
  • Specialized classes more likely to result in soldiers and wars of conquest
  • Specialized classes will have scribes, priests, and artisans (to make weapons for example)
  • This is why Eurasia had steel, writing, and guns.
  • Horses and camels resulted in great advantages militarily.
  • Domesticated animals get infected by new germs and eventually spread illnesses to societies who did not domesticate animals resulting in dramatic military advantages.

9. 12ft Ladder

10. Wretched of the Earth Frantz Fanon

10.1. Background   @home @discord

  • [ ] find biography
  • [X] find information about Algerian history
  • [ ] movie called "battle of algiers" which is historical fiction, but a criterion film

10.2. Book references

10.2.1. colon

  • This refers to the French who came from France to have a better life in Algeria or who couldn't make it in France. At the time of the Algerian war there were approximately 1,000,000 French immigrants from France. They did not view the native Algerians as French.

10.2.2. Mau Mau - Kenya Land and Freedom Army - Wikipedia

  • The Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, was a guerrilla army, formed mainly by the people of central and eastern Kenya, dominated by the Kikuyu people, which resisted British colonialism in Kenya from the late 1940s to the early 1960s.[1] The army was led by Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi.

10.2.3. Dien Bien Phu (pg 31)

  • French and Vietnamese fight where French lost. It's now a tourist site.

10.2.4. Manachaneism

  • Religion surrounding light and darkness (good and evil, duality)

10.2.5. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (pg 37)

  • First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of that country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. In power during Cuban missile crisis.

10.2.6. Guy Mollet - Wikipedia (1956) - Guy Mollet French Prime minister during Suez Crisis and Algerian war.

  • From wikipedia: Mollet's government was left with the issue of the three French departments of Algeria, where the presence of a million non-Muslim French residents made a simple withdrawal politically difficult.[5] At first, Mollet's policy was to negotiate with the National Liberation Front (FLN). Once in office, however, he changed his mind and argued that the FLN insurgents must be defeated before negotiations could begin. Mollet's visit to Algiers, the capital of French Algeria, was a stormy one, with almost everyone against him. He was pelted with rotten tomatoes at a demonstration in Algiers on 6 February 1956, a few weeks after he became prime minister. The memorable event was referred to as la journée des tomates ("the day of tomatoes").[citation needed] He poured French troops into Algeria, where they conducted a campaign of counterterrorism, including torture, particularly during the Battle of Algiers (January to October 1957). It was too much for most French people, and Mollet's government collapsed in June 1957 on the issue of the taxation to pay for the Algerian War.

10.2.7. National Liberation Front (Algeria) - Wikipedia

  • a nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989.[2] The FLN was established in 1954 from a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary; its armed wing, the National Liberation Army, participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After the Évian Accords of 1962, the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state. After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) against Islamist groups, the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election, and has generally remained in power ever since, although sometimes needing to form coalitions with other parties.
    • The background of the FLN can be traced back to the growing anti-colonialism and Algerian nationalist sentiments since the outbreak of WWII. The repression against the Algerian Muslim population intensified as Abdelhamid Ben Badis got placed under house arrest and Marshal Pétain's government banned the Algerian Communist Party and Algerian People's Party.[3] As the war turned gradually more in favor of the Western Allies, given the US's global engagement and its ideological campaign against colonialism, the core sentiment amongst the Algerian nationalists was to use the victory in Europe to promote the independence of the country, which is reflected by the issuing of the Manifesto of the Algerian People by Ferhat Abbas.[4] As this objective failed to realize, a new party Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTDL) founded by the just-released Messali Hadj started to gain momentum and took the lead in the nationalist movement.[5]
  • However, the Algerian Assembly's double electoral college system stipulated an equal number of 60 representation between the French settlers and the Muslim community while the Muslim community was significantly larger than the settlers.[6] The underrepresentation combined with the unfair election in 1948 limited the MTDL's ability to gain further political power.[7] Consequently, the Algerian nationalists veered to a more military approach as noted in their participation in the Special Organisation (Algeria), which is a paramilitary component of the MTLD and included the important figures in Algerian politics such Ahmed Ben Bella, Hocine Aït Ahmed, and Mohammed Boudiaf.
  • Later in 1951, the capture of Ahmed Ben Bella and the subsequent dismantling of the Special Organisation temporarily subdued the nationalist movement but sparkled the desire inside the Special Organisation militants to form a new organization – Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action(CRUA).[8] It initially had a five-man leadership consisting of Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Larbi Ben M'hidi, Rabah Bitat, Mohamed Boudiaf and Mourad Didouche. They were joined by Krim Belkacem in August, and Hocine Aït Ahmed, Ahmed Ben Bella and Mohamed Khider later in the summer.[9]
  • The National Liberation Front (FLN) was established on 10 October 1954.[10] It succeeded the CRUA which had been formed earlier in the year[9] because the CRUA failed to provide unity within the MTLD Party.[8] On 1 November 1954 the FLN launched the Algerian War after publishing the Declaration of 1 November 1954 written by journalist Mohamed Aïchaoui.[9] Didouche was killed on 18 January 1955, whilst both Ben Boulaïd and Bitat were captured by the French. Abane Ramdane was recruited to take control of the FLN's Algiers campaign, and went on to become one of its most effective leaders.[9] By 1956 nearly all the nationalist organizations in Algeria had joined the FLN, which had established itself as the main nationalist group through both co-opting and coercing smaller organizations; the most important group that remained outside the FLN was Messali Hadj's Algerian National Movement (MNA). At this time the FLN reorganized into something like a provisional government, consisting of a five-man executive and legislative body, and was organized territorially into six wilayas, following the Ottoman-era administrative boundaries.[11]
  • The FLN's armed wing during the war was called the National Liberation Army (ALN). It was divided into guerrilla units fighting France and the MNA in Algeria (and wrestling with Messali's followers over control of the expatriate community, in the "Café Wars" in France), and another, stronger component more resembling a traditional army. These units were based in neighbouring Berber countries (notably in Oujda in Morocco, and Tunisia), and although they infiltrated forces and ran weapons and supplies across the border, they generally saw less action than the rural guerrilla forces. These units were later to emerge under the leadership of army commander Colonel Houari Boumediene as a powerful opposition to the political cadres of the FLN's exile government, the GPRA, and they eventually came to dominate Algerian politics.
  • The Algerian war resulted in between 300,000 and 400,000 deaths. The FLN is considered responsible for over 16,000 civilians killed and over 13,000 disappeared between 1954 and 1962.[12] After the ceasefire of 19 March 1962, the FLN is thought to have massacred thousands of harkis, Muslim Algerians who had served in the French army and whom the French, contrary to promises given, had denied a "repatriation" to France.[13][14] An examples of an FLN massacre is the Philippeville massacre.

10.2.8. Two men beaten up in Salisbury (pg 35)

10.2.9. Kennedy Solution for Laos

10.2.10. Algerian War - Wikipedia (pg 37)

  • French History Lecture on Vietnam and Algeria - 21. Vietnam and Algeria - YouTube (transcript)
    • Ho Chi Minh (leader of Vietnam during decolonization from French) quote: "You will kill ten of our men, but we will kill one of yours and in the end we will end up by wearing you out." modern guerilla warfare tactics.
    • This strategy leads to increasing cost for the colonists and the support for the war back home begins to waver dramatically. This guerilla warfare tactic contributed to independence for Vietnam and Algeria.
    • There is a near civil war brewing in France because of the differing views on the Algerian war. The intellectuals/communists/socialists who were against the war and the military elements that were for the war. To prevent a military takeover, Charles De Gaulle came out of retirement and the constitution was rewritten with more power to presidents who can conduct foreign policy, appoint prime ministers. De Gaulle decides to get out of Algeria which upsets the military elements in France who attempt to assassinate him. They machine gun his limousine but miss him (apparently there were 20-30 bullet holes), but he didn't have a wound on him. He declares a state of emergency to pull France out of Algeria. There is a vote for Algerian independence in France in 1961 (15 million vote yes, 5 million vote no)
    • The colon left Algeria and returned to France and compromise a strong base of current day French right wing politics especially of hard right wing politician Le Pen.
    • There was internationalization of the war by journalists resulting in an outcry against the torture and murder of the Algerians.
  • Macron acknowledges torture in Algerian war - YouTube
  • The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence,[nb 1] and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November, was fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (French: Front de Libération Nationale – FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.[26] An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and the use of torture. The conflict also became a civil war between the different communities and within the communities.[27] The war took place mainly on the territory of Algeria, with repercussions in metropolitan France.
  • End of war: Algeria: War of independence | Mass Atrocity Endings
    • In 1962, French President Charles de Gaulle signed the Evian Accords, a peace agreement with the FLN leadership. Despite the FLN’s extreme military weakness—France had defeated it in almost every battle—it had significant leverage because France’s now-infamous brutality in the conflict had alienated its domestic citizens as well as the international community. In the treaty, the FLN achieved most of its demands, including complete autonomy and a full French withdrawal.

10.2.11. UN General Assembly 1960 African Spokesperson (pg 37)

10.2.12. 200000 victims of Kenya (1952)

10.2.13. Budapest, suez, Korean war, Indochina (pg 38)

10.2.14. Mennen-Williams (pg 38)

10.2.15. May 1958 crisis in France - Wikipedia

  • May 1958 crisis (or Algiers putsch or the coup of 13 May) was a political crisis in France during the turmoil of the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962) which led to the collapse of the Fourth Republic and its replacement by the Fifth Republic led by Charles de Gaulle who returned to power after a twelve-year absence. It started as a political uprising in Algiers on 13 May 1958 and then became a military coup d'état led by a coalition headed by Algiers deputy and reserve airborne officer Pierre Lagaillarde, French Generals Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, Jean Gracieux, and Jacques Massu, and by Admiral Philippe Auboyneau, commander of the Mediterranean fleet. The coup was supported by former Algerian Governor General Jacques Soustelle and his activist allies. The coup had as its aim to oppose the formation of Pierre Pflimlin's new government and to impose a change of policies in favor of the right-wing partisans of French Algeria.

10.2.16. Charles de Gaulle - Wikipedia (pg 39)

  • From wikipedia: When the Algerian War was ripping apart the unstable Fourth Republic, the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis (Algiers coup). He founded the Fifth Republic with a strong presidency, and he was elected to continue in that role. He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war, much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs (ethnic French born in Algeria) and the armed forces; both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule. He granted independence to Algeria and acted progressively towards other French colonies. In the context of the Cold War, de Gaulle initiated his "politics of grandeur," asserting that France as a major power should not rely on other countries, such as the United States, for its national security and prosperity. To this end, he pursued a policy of "national independence" which led him to withdraw from NATO's integrated military command and to launch an independent nuclear strike force that made France the world's fifth nuclear power. He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence through the signing of the Élysée Treaty on 22 January 1963.

10.2.17. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - Wikipedia (pg 39)

  • From wikipedia: Radio Free Europe was created and grew in its early years through the efforts of the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE), an anti-communist CIA front organization that was formed by Allen Dulles in New York City in 1949.[10][11] RFE/RL received funds covertly from the CIA until 1972.[12] During RFE's earliest years of existence, the CIA and U.S. Department of State issued broad policy directives, and a system evolved where broadcast policy was determined through negotiation between them and RFE staff.

10.2.18. Specialized Administrative Sections - Wikipedia (pg 40)

  • The SAS was created in 1955 by the Governor-General of Algeria Jacques Soustelle[1] to provide a hearts and minds program to provide rural Algerian villagers with practical help [2] and provide a visible French presence thus improving their daily lives while simultaneously protecting them. Several hundred small volunteer teams led by Arabic speaking junior officers with local knowledge. The well funded SAS program covered public health, education, building, agricultural assistance and justice administration[3][4] It also provided local counter-insurgency intelligence and security forces liaison. The officers were known by their headgear as "kepis bleus" and were men serving in remote areas and were protected by a handful of local Moghazni auxiliaries. Their popularity made them targets with the FLN.

10.2.19. Prince Phouma meets general Phoumi, Alidjo Moumie, Tschombe (pg 40)

10.2.20. President Kenyatta inaugurates Lumumba Institute - Kenya: President Kenyatta Inaugurates Lumumba Institute - British Pathé ?

10.2.21. Algeria 1955 12,000 victims of Philippeville (pg 47)

10.2.22. 1956 Lacostes' creation of rural and urban militia

10.2.23. Cesaire poetry (pg 44)

10.2.24. Assassination of mayor of Evian (pg 47)

10.2.26. Frenchmen killed at Sakamody Pass (pg 47)

10.2.27. Guergour douars, the Djerah dechra, and marabout (pg 51)

10.2.28. General Gagarin's exploit (pg 61)

10.2.29. Saint Bartholomew massacre

  • The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place a few days after the wedding day (18 August) of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). Many of the wealthiest and most prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris to attend the wedding.
  • The massacre began in the night of 23–24 August 1572 (the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle), two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Lasting several weeks, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000.
  • The massacre also marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, as well as many re-conversions by the rank and file. Those who remained were increasingly radicalized. Though by no means unique, it "was the worst of the century's religious massacres".[2] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[3]

10.4. Quotes

  • pg 40: "Those literally astronomical sums invested in arms research, these engineers transformed into technicians of nuclear war could raise the living standards of the underdeveloped countries by 60 percent in fifteen years."
  • pg 42: "The existence of an armed struggle shows that the people are decided to trust to violent methods only. He of whom they have never stopped saying that the only language he understands is that of force, decides to give utterance by force. In fact, as always, the settler has shown him the way he should take if he is to become free. The argument the native chooses has been furnished by the settler, and by an ironic turning of the tables it is the native who now affirms that the colonialist understands nothing but force. The colonial regime owes its legitimacy to force and at no time tries to hide this aspect of things."
  • pg 54: This European opulence is literally a scandal for it was built on the backs of slaves, it fed on the blood of slaves, and owes its very existence to the soil and subsoil of the underdeveloped world. Europe's well-being and progress were built with the sweat and corpses of blacks, Arabs, Indians, and Asians.
  • pg 57: For centuries the capitalists have behaved like real war criminals in the underdeveloped world. Deportation, massacres, forced labor, and slavery were the primary methods used by capitalism to increase its gold and diamond reserves, and establish its wealth and power.
  • pg 237: It is in the name of the Spirit, meaning the spirit of Europe, that Europe justified its crimes and legitimized slavery in which it held four fifths of humanity
  • pg 236: When I look for man in European lifestyles and technology I see a constant denial of man, an avalanche of murders.
  • pg 238: the Third World must start over a new history of man
  • pg 55: What matters today, the issue that blocks the horizon, is the need for a redistribution of wealth. Humanity will have to address this question, no matter how devastating the consequences may be.

10.5. Analysis by chapter

10.5.1. On Violence

10.5.2. Grandeur and Weakness of Spontaneity

10.5.3. Trials and Tribulations of a National Consciousness

10.5.4. On National Culture

10.5.5. Colonial War and Mental Disorders

10.5.6. Conclusion

11. Karla todo [4/7]

  • [ ] Email steve rabe on cold war and latin america history and primary information
    • Dear Dr. Rabe: cold war primary materials to look at ; cold war background information on latin america ;
  • [X] PASSPORT
  • [X] listen to brian tracy lecture OR read my notes on it
  • [ ] brainstorm life goals and put them on a numbered page in bullet journal.
    • If you have more thoughts on them you can always add thoughts on that page.
  • [ ] Enter the life goals page in the table of contents of your bujo.
  • [X] Budget spreadsheet to determine how much rent you can afford.
  • [X] Apply for Advocacy Associate

11.3. Create a plan to towards writing improvement through practice which will with both law school or academic pursuits [0/1]

  • [ ] Read writing with power book chapters [0/3]
    • [ ] pps 6-19 (you've read page 6 so far)
    • [ ] pps 26-38
    • [ ] pps 50-77
  • [ ] use principles to write a personal statement (just as practice, not to actually be your personal statement) or writing sample

11.3.2. Marcus Rediker tips

@MarcusRediker

Forty years of thinking about the craft of historical writing ought to be worth something, so here are the eight tips I gave over the last ten days – practical suggestions I have found to be useful about the vexatious business of getting unruly words down onto the page.

  • Writing tip no. 1: as I write a book I bury myself in a brilliant work of fiction about the same time period, to fill my mind with its literary power. Example: as I wrote The Fearless Benjamin Lay I read Barry Unsworth's Sacred Hunger (for the fifth or sixth time).
  • Writing tip no. 2: in my view, the essential unit of good writing is the paragraph. If you're stuck, spinning your wheels, write one strong paragraph, just one, about whatever topic you are on. In my experience, this breaks the logjam and allows thoughts to flow onto the page.
  • Writing tip no. 3: when I know what I want to write about the following morning, I reread my primary sources closely the night before. This makes it easier to get started the next day, and sometimes the unconscious mind does a stunning job of sorting things out.
  • Writing tip no. 4: find a fragment of a poem from the time period you are studying, one that embodies a theme or two of your investigation, and write a paragraph, a section, or a chapter around it. Make that poem sing its historical significance.
  • Writing tip no. 5: embodiment. Anytime you can make an idea or a concept come alive through a person or an event, do it. Making your reader see your argument through vivid, concrete human thought and action is much more powerful, convincing, and memorable than a dry abstraction.
  • Writing tip no. 6: economy of expression. Strunk and White said, “Omit needless words.” Blaise Pascal wrote to a correspondent: “I'm sorry I wrote you such a long letter; I didn't have time to write a short one.” Use 3 words rather than 4; be ruthless. Shorter = more powerful.
  • Writing tip no. 7: go on reading your sources until you hear voices, then write a deeply human story about your historical subjects. Readers want to learn about real people, making real choices, in real circumstances. Make your actors complex and multi-dimensional.
  • Writing tip no. 8: Three things scholars need to do to write for a broader audience. First, you have to want to. (Most do not.) Second, you need to read gifted prose stylists and learn from them. Third, you must work hard at the art and craft of writing. It’s all pretty simple.

11.3.3. reddit post with recommendations

Category Book/Resource Description
Grammar Elements of Style by Strunk and White Small and useful for improving grammar.
Clear and Concise Sentences Plain English for Lawyers Contains exercises and sample answers to help with clear and concise writing.
Law School Exams/Bar Exam Getting to Maybe Excellent for understanding law school exams; read before starting law school if possible.
Journal Writing Academic Legal Writing Best for law review or an academic career; not essential unless needed for those purposes.
Clerkship Point Made by Ross Guberman Recommended for clerkships; read while waiting for bar results after graduation.
Legal Writing Textbook Not specified Your professor will assign one; not worth reading now.

I teach legal writing. Honestly, it depends on what your struggle and background is with writing.

If you struggle to grammar: Elements of style by strunk and white. This book is small and insanely useful.

If you struggle with writing clear and concise sentences: Plain English for Lawyers. This book is loaded with exercises to help you test yourself on the concepts, with sample answers included.

It is true that legal writing organization is different than other types of writing, so in that way you will be just as lost as your peers. But these two books will make up for any basic writing skills you forgot or never learned.

For writing law school exams/bar exam, the book getting to maybe is excellent but very detailed. You won’t likely have time to read it after you start law school, so read it before if you can. Even just the first half is helpful for understanding the point of law school exams and the basics of how to write exam answers.

At this point, I have given you enough background reading to complete before law school and excel. Because I am a writing nerd, I will add a couple more for funsies.

If you want to do journal writing, Academic Legal Writing is the best book on that subject. Not essential unless you need to be on law review or are considering a career in academia.

If you get a clerkship, Point Made by Ross Guberman is excellent. You could read it while waiting on bar results after graduation.

I did not include a legal writing textbook because your professor will assign one (or not) and it’s not worth your time now to read my favorite legal writing textbook.

Good luck!

11.4. Finding apartment

from reddit post (A guide to finding an apartment : Frugal):

  • use PadMapper.
  • Local university housing classifieds Google searching and calling apartment complexes
  • Not every vacant unit will be listed online
  • One can automate this via UpWork and have pay someone else to do their calling or list-building.

from Where can I find inexpensive apartment listings besides craigslist? : Frugal

  • walk the neighborhood you want to stay in and look for signs / go to apartments in person.

11.4.2. IKEA

11.4.4. DONE Possible Apartments

  1. Park Lane Terrace Apartments - Orchard Park, NY | Apartments.com
    • $1,035
    • 1ba, 660 sq ft, Unit 109 - Avail Today
  2. Buckner Park Lofts 1bdrm
    • sqft: 486

    -rent: $1,100

    • studio: no
  3. Buckner Park Lofts Apartments - Dallas, TX | Apartments.com studio
    • :sqft: 460
    • :rent: $1,100
    • :studio: y
  4. Casa Tremont Apartments - Dallas, TX | Apartments.com
    • :ba: 1
    • :rent: 1200
    • :sqft: 665

11.5. Sample Life Goals for Karla

11.5.1. Independence

  • The more immediate goal is independence with time and emotional freedom.
  • To be able to live alone, eat, and have free time to study and party.
  • To achieve this I'd estimate a goal in the next 5 years to be making 60k.
  • That would be about 1740 every two weeks. Take-Home-Paycheck Calculator
  • It would be hard to generate wealth, but Karla could live comfortably on that.
  • This is also my wanted retirement income.

11.5.2. Learning

  • Enjoying learning and also enjoy being knowledgeable.
  • History is the main passion.
  1. Data/Coding
    • Goal to understand data analysis.
    • Another possible goal is to be able to do data analysis for a job, especially in political science
    • [X] Can look at courses on datacamp.

11.5.3. Activism

  • This goal competes with the independence goal as activist jobs pay less and are harder to find.
  • Understanding these priorities will be vital to fulfilling both goals.

12. Nikhil todo [0/3]

  • [ ] Learn the saxophone
  • [ ] Acquire cows

13. Party

13.2. Tequila information from Cocktail Codex

13.2.1. TEQUILA

The cultivation of agave is laborious and time-consuming, and the agricultural practices used seem, from the outside, decidedly old-world—quaint, even. So too is the distillation process that’s touted on bottles and in marketing literature, where masters toil over ancient pot stills, producing the spirit largely through intuition. These are great stories, but beneath them is an even more exciting tale—that of a spirit that’s shed the stigma of being cheap firewater to become highly respected alongside the world’s most revered liquors.

There’s a simple distinction between good and bad tequila: Those that are made with 100 percent agave and those that are mixto, meaning they’re produced from a mixture of agave and other sugars. While mixto tequilas are more affordable than 100 percent agave tequilas, they are also hugely inferior. We only use 100 percent agave tequila. When made well, it’s a refined and elegant spirit that highlights the vegetal personality of the agave plant.

Like many spirits, tequila is produced in a range of ages, and almost all have a role to play in cocktails. Blanco tequila, the lightest style, sees no time in oak, and at its best is a bright and vegetal spirit that’s wonderful in citrusy cocktails like the Margarita. Reposado tequilas spend between two months and one year aging in barrels, which gives them some of the characteristics of other aged spirits: clove and cinnamon spice, vanilla, and a slight sweetness. Reposado tequilas are versatile, working well in citrusy and boozy cocktails alike. Añejos spend even more time in barrels—one to three years—and therefore have the deeper and spicier flavors of oak. Añejo tequila can be quite expensive, so we reserve it for the occasional Manhattan variation. The final age statement is extra añejo, for tequilas that are aged for three years or longer, but these are almost always far too expensive for mixing. The following recommended bottles are arranged by age.

  1. RECOMMENDED BOTTLES
    • Cimarrón Blanco: An affordable high-quality blanco, Cimarrón has a broad vegetal flavor with notes of funky white pepper. The overall personality of this tequila tilts a little toward the savory, but it’s just as versatile as the Pueblo Viejo described following. We use it as a go-to for shaken cocktails like the Margarita.
    • Pueblo Viejo Blanco: Pueblo Viejo’s blanco is bright, peppery, strong in personality, wonderfully mixable—and surprisingly affordable. It’s one of our favorites in Margaritas and other shaken cocktails that include citrus.
    • Siembra Azul Blanco: Produced by David Suro, a champion of ethical and quality tequila production, Siembra Azul is clean and floral in aroma and fruity on the palate. The quality of this tequila shines through in all cocktails, from citrusy drinks to stirred cocktails. As a bonus, it’s also reasonably priced.
    • Siete Leguas Blanco: Blanco tequila isn’t just for shaken cocktails; we love its vegetal character in stirred cocktails, too. Though the Cimarrón and Pueblo Viejo blanco tequilas can make good stirred cocktails, we tend to use bottles with a bit more sophistication when matching tequila with fortified wine. Siete Leguas is a beautifully produced blanco tequila: bright, earthy, and velvety smooth. The hint of vanilla in its flavor profile makes it a good match for blanc vermouth and liqueurs, especially peach liqueur.
    • Cimarrón Resposado: Cimarrón’s reposado is a rare exception among aged tequilas, being only a bit more expensive than the company’s blanco. While it isn’t as refined as some reposados, it will add aged complexity to a cocktail without breaking the bank.
    • Don Julio Reposado: In tequila, we find ourselves steering our attention to smaller producers because they often offer spirits with more personality, using traditional methods to produce tequilas that are intensely flavorful and unique. Unfortunately, their tequilas aren’t always widely available. Don Julio is a major producer of tequilas that are both widely available and of consistently high quality. The reposado strikes a good balance between rich, vegetal agave and the cinnamon and toasty oak spice of aging. It’s a great addition to stirred cocktails, and can also be used in small amounts to season cocktails with its spice notes.
    • El Tesoro Reposado: We love everything made by El Tesoro, but the reposado is where their tequila shines. Here, the influence of oak aging has clearly been applied with grace, with used bourbon barrels creating a subtle oak sweetness that doesn’t overpower the clarity present in unaged tequilas—a balance we prefer in aged tequilas. We love using this tequila for Old-Fashioned-style drinks, though it’s equally at home next to sweet vermouth in Manhattan riffs.
    • Pueblo Viejo Añejo: Shockingly affordable for an añejo, this tequila is laced with sweet vanilla and orange notes that linger over the agave’s vegetal personality. This makes it a great stand-in for bourbon, especially in citrusy cocktails. And if paired with bourbon, it can also work well in Manhattan-style cocktails. However, despite its age, it lacks the structure to be the star of the show in an Old-Fashioned.

13.2.2. MEZCAL

In recent years, mezcal has transfixed spirit and cocktail lovers because of its extremely distinctive flavor and the romance of its heritage as a peasant spirit created by artisan producers following many generations of traditions. Indeed, many spirit enthusiasts have all but abandoned tequila for mezcal because, unlike tequila, it is still a small-scale artisanal product. Mezcals are most frequently bottled unaged (blanco or joven—a term meaning “young”), though there are a handful of producers who age mezcal in oak barrels. In our opinion, the unique flavors of mezcal aren’t universally benefited by oak, but there is one producer of a reposado that we love to sip neat: Los Amantes. (Their joven is exceptional, too.)

  1. RECOMMENDED BOTTLES
    • Del Maguey Vida: The entry-level bottle in Del Maguey’s growing collection of truly spectacular mezcals, Vida is meant for cocktails. With the smoky characteristics typical of mezcal and smooth vegetal undertones, Vida is versatile enough to be the primary spirit in a cocktail or to play a supporting role to another spirit, like a blanco or reposado tequila.
    • Nuestra Soledad La Compañia Ejutla: Another affordable option, this mezcal is a bit less smoky than others but is packed with bright herbal aromas and flavors (mint and cilantro) and fresh tropical fruits, including mango, and has a green bell pepper finish. While other mezcals are often noticeably assertive and overpower other spirits, this bottle plays well with blanco tequila and even gin.
    • Los Amantes Reposado: Though they aren’t as commonly available as other mezcals, time and again we find ourselves obsessed with the offerings from Los Amantes, particularly their reposado. We almost always prefer unaged mezcal, which celebrates the inherent qualities of agave and traditional production methods. However, this spirit, which is aged for up to eight months in French oak barrels, is beautifully balanced, with a very modest influence from the oak—more rounding off the edges of the mezcal than intensely flavoring it.

13.2.3. BACANORA AND RAICILLA

From the Mexican state of Sonora, made from the agave plant, Bacanora will often follow a similar production method and style to mezcal: the piña is cooked in earthen pits lined with volcanic rock and heated with mesquite charcoal. After fermentation and two distillation runs, Bacanora is cut with water to the desired proof, usually 40% to 50% ABV, depending on the producer. Bacanora has an intensely earthy and savory flavor, almost like barbecued meat.

Though it has a reputation as a Mexican form of moonshine, Raicilla is gaining traction with quality producers. Produced in the Mexican state of Jalisco, Raicilla is made from various types of agave that are cooked in above-ground ovens, though there’s often a hint of the smokiness of mezcal. Raicillas often come in two types: de la coasta (of the coast) and de la sierra (of the mountains). Each have characteristics similar to the elevation differences in tequila: low, earthier flavors from the coast and sharper flavors from the mountains.

13.3. Drinks

13.3.1. Old fashioned

13.3.2. Division bell

13.3.3. Manhattan

13.3.4. Paloma

13.3.5. Margarita

  1. CLASSIC
    • Lime wedge
    • Kosher salt, for rimming
    • 2 ounces Siembra Azul blanco tequila
    • ¾ ounce Cointreau
    • ¾ ounce fresh lime juice
    • ¼ ounce simple syrup (this page)
    • Rub the lime wedge along the upper ½ inch of a double Old-Fashioned glass, halfway around the circumference, then roll the wet portion in the salt. Put 1 large ice cube in the glass. Shake the remaining ingredients with ice, then strain into the prepared glass. No garnish.
  2. Margarita (Dry)
    • Lime wedge
    • Kosher salt, for rimming
    • 2 ounces Siembra Azul blanco tequila
    • ¾ ounce Cointreau
    • ¾ ounce fresh lime juice
    • Use the lime wedge and salt to rim a double Old-Fashioned glass as in the preceding recipe, then put 1 large ice cube in the glass. Shake the remaining ingredients with ice, then strain into the prepared glass. No garnish.
  3. Margarita (Sweet)
    • Lime wedge
    • Kosher salt, for rimming
    • 2 ounces Siembra Azul blanco tequila
    • ¾ ounce Cointreau
    • ¾ ounce fresh lime juice
    • ½ ounce simple syrup (this page)
    • Use the lime wedge and salt to rim a double Old-Fashioned glass as in the preceding recipe, then put 1 large ice cube in the glass. Shake the remaining ingredients with ice, then strain into the prepared glass. No garnish.

13.3.6. Mojito

13.3.7. Skinny spicy margarita

  • from The BEST Spicy Skinny Margarita Recipe - The Luxi Look
  • 2 oz tequila – I like Casamigos Blanco for my margaritas, but Espalon is good for cocktails as well and really affordable.
  • 1/2 oz freshly squeezed orange juice – I usually use 1/4 of an orange
  • 1 oz freshly squeezed lime juice – I usually use 1 medium-sized lime
  • 1 jalapeno, sliced (to taste)
  • 1/4 – 1/2 oz agave nectar or sweetener of your choice
  • Salt for the rim – I like Tajin, or none at all
  • Lime wedges
  • Ice
  • If you like salt on the rim, do this step first. Rub a lime wedge around the top of your glass and dip it in salt. Chile lime salt or Tajin compliments a spicy margarita very well. If you’re looking to go easy on the salt you can skip this step entirely or just do half of the rim.
  • To make the cocktail: muddle jalapeno slices and lime in a cocktail shaker. Adjust the amount of jalapeno depending on your spice preference – I like mine extra spicy so I always use at least 1/2 of a jalapeno. Go easy to start, you can always add more! Add agave, orange juice, and tequila. Shake and strain over ice – garnish with a lime wedge and jalapeno slices.

13.3.9. Spicy Skinny Margarita Recipe

  1. Ingredients
    • 2 oz tequila – I like Casamigos Blanco for my margaritas, but Espalon is good for cocktails as well and really affordable.
    • 1/2 oz freshly squeezed orange juice – I usually use 1/4 of an orange
    • 1 oz freshly squeezed lime juice – I usually use 1 medium-sized lime
    • 1 jalapeno, sliced (to taste)
    • 1/4 – 1/2 oz agave nectar or sweetener of your choice
    • Salt for the rim – I like Tajin, or none at all
    • Lime wedges
    • Ice
  2. Instructions:

    If you like salt on the rim, do this step first. Rub a lime wedge around the top of your glass and dip it in salt. Chile lime salt or Tajin compliments a spicy margarita very well. If you’re looking to go easy on the salt you can skip this step entirely or just do half of the rim.

    To make the cocktail: muddle jalapeno slices and lime in a cocktail shaker. Adjust the amount of jalapeno depending on your spice preference – I like mine extra spicy so I always use at least 1/2 of a jalapeno. Go easy to start, you can always add more! Add agave, orange juice, and tequila. Shake and strain over ice – garnish with a lime wedge and jalapeno slices.

    You can easily adjust this recipe for different margarita variations by adding different fruit juices to the mix or muddling fresh fruit in place of the jalapenos. Some ideas: fresh watermelon, mango, passionfruit, raspberries. The possibilities are endless!

13.3.10. haven't tried

  1. INGREDIENTS
    • kosher salt (or margarita salt) for glass rims
    • 2 oz tequila
    • 1.5 oz fresh squeezed lime juice
    • 1 oz fresh squeezed orange juice
    • 1 tsp agave nectar
    • lime wedge to garnish
  2. Recipe
    • Pour salt on a small plate. Run a lime wedge over the circumference of your glass and ensure the juice coated the rim.
    • Dip the glass into your salt plate. Tilt the glass as needed to ensure the entire rim is covered in salt.
    • Add ice cubes to your glass and set it aside.
    • Place ice in a cocktail shaker and pour in the remaining ingredients. Seal your shaker and shake for 20-30 seconds.
    • Strain your cocktail into your glass.
    • Garnish with a lime, and enjoy!

13.3.11. Spicy Skinny Margarita

  1. Ingredients
    • Kosher salt and a lime wedge to rim the glass
    • Ice
    • 2 ounces silver tequila about 3 tablespoons
    • 3 tablespoons freshly squeezed lime juice about 1 large or 1 1/2 small limes; do not use bottled lime juice, as it will have a very off flavor
    • 1 tablespoon freshly squeezed orange juice about 1/2 small/medium orange
    • 1 1/2 teaspoons light agave nectar add 2 if you prefer a sweeter margarita
    • 1/4 to 1/2 jalapeño pepper cut into thin, round slices (use more for more spice)
    • Lime wedges additional jalapeño slices for serving
  2. Instructions
    • Rim the glass: Pour a thin layer of salt onto a small plate. Rub a lime wedge around the top edge of your glass to moisten it, then dip the glass into the salt so that it sticks, tapping all the way around. Fill the glass with ice and set aside.
    • Fill a small cocktail shaker with additional ice. Add the tequila, lime juice, orange juice, agave, and jalapeño slices. Tightly close and shake vigorously for 30 seconds (it's longer than you think). Strain into the rimmed glass. Enjoy immediately, garnished with lime wedges and additional jalapeño slices.
    • TO STORE: This drink is best enjoyed right after it is made, but you can refrigerate leftovers for up to 1 day.

13.3.12. Prickly pear margarita (research)

13.3.13. Lemon drop

13.3.14. Amaretto sour

13.3.15. Cosmopolitan

  • 2 ounces citrus vodka
  • ¾ ounce Cointreau
  • ½ ounce fresh lime juice
  • ½ ounce pure, unsweetened cranberry juice
  • ½ ounce simple syrup (this page)
  • Garnish: lime wheel

13.3.16. Wine

13.4. Snacks

  • chips and guac
  • hummus
  • veggie chicken nuggets
  • rice and achaar
  • kebab
  • tandoori chicken

14. Productivity links

15. Jan 6th hearing

Jan. 6 Select Committee Documents - Lawfare

15.1. 06-28-22 (sixth hearing)

Sixth hearing with Cassidy Hutchinson testifying that Trump was aware that mob was armed, stated that they did not need to go through metal detectors, that he attacked his limo driver to try to march to the capitol with insurrectionists, that he threw his lunch at the wall because he was angry when Barr said the election was not stolen.

  • At the end of the hearing, they said that people were trying to obstruct justice and being more or less threatened. In addition, Bennie Thomas urged people to come forward and to find new courage.

16. Todo list brainstorm

16.1. Movies /TV [0/0]   @home TV

16.1.3. January 6th Select Committee Hearings [6/7]

  • [X] Hearing 1
  • [X] Hearing 2
  • [X] Hearing 3
  • [X] Hearing 4
  • [X] Hearing 5
  • [X] Hearing 6
  • [ ] Hearing 7
  • [ ] Hearing 8

16.1.5. DONE High Fidelity

16.1.6. DONE High fidelity show

16.1.7. TODO Attack on Titan

16.1.8. TODO JoJo Bizarre's Adventure

16.1.9. TODO Schindler's list

16.1.10. TODO Godfather movie

16.1.11. TODO Movie called "battle of algiers" which is historical fiction, but a criterion film

16.1.12. DONE Midnight Gospel

16.1.13. DONE Nathan for you and discuss capitalism

16.1.14. DONE 13

16.2. Fun and/or Illegal

  • [ ] Break into University
  • [ ] Henderson

16.3. Museum/History

16.5. Music

16.6. Drinks   @home kitchen

  • [X] Chai recipe
  • [X] Pecan old-fashioned
  • [ ] Skinny margarita recipe

17. Field trips

17.1. Dallas

  • We can do a similar day trip in Dallas or Fort Worth like in Austin.
  • Can do morning at Fort Worth Nature Center (website)
  • Morning at white rock lake.
    • Start at T&P Hill (parking)
    • picnic with chai, granola?, treats for Uzi
      • can put picnic stuff back in car
    • run/walk the trail (9.2 miles)
  • Drop off Uzi? ? otherwise we make a different plan.
  • Deep Ellum - HIDE (Fancy cocktails), Stirr (has upstairs "rooftop" bar), Lula B antique mall, murray street coffee, Merit, freeman, beignets at le bon temps, louie louie piano bar (opens 7pm)
  • Dolly Python
  • Thrift stores on Jefferson
  • Museum of Art
  • 6th floor museum
  • Rooftop bar - Monkey bar on top of Mi Cocina, honor bar, canvas hotel (opens at 4pm, https://www.canvashoteldallas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/NEW-Gallery-Menu-2022.pdf)
  • Yellow Rosa
  • Kessaku (lounge in the sky)
  • Food
  • Pick up food and eat at home?
    • Eat

17.1.1. Downtown Dallas

This is east of 75 on elm across from deep ellum.

  • French Room cocktail bar
  • Parterre to study
  • Lit Kitchen/Lounge club
  • Belse Vegan restaurant
  • The Exchange Hall (nice food court type place?)
  • Waterproof rooftop bar/lounge/DJ needs reservations
  • Woolworth
  • Mitchell

17.2. Austin

  • [X] Saxon pub
  • [X] Elephant room
  • [ ] Barton Springs Pool
  • [ ] Austin public central library
  • [X] Burnet Road
  • [ ] Capital
  • [X] Oasis
  • [ ] Kayaking on town lake
  • [ ] Lake Travis Boat
  • [ ] Bullock museum

17.2.1. 11-11-22 ideas

17.2.2. 05-30-22

  • Nikhil's alarm didn't go off vs he slept through it. Karla got an aloe vera plant for the apartment. Started 45 minutes late, but left at 6:45am. We stopped at a Czech immigrant town and got kolaches and a blueberry cream cheese pastry. On the way, we listened to gary clark, jr and the podcast conspirituality. Then in Austin we visited Medici Roasting at the Domain, went on a hike in Barton Creek trail, visited Zilker park, looked at records, tote bags, and a sun-ra t-shirt at Waterloo, browsed Mexican history books at Bookpeople, ate at 24 diner, walked from Lady Bird trail to South Congress, visited Hotel San Jose lobby, visited a thrift store, visited a costume store, visited the South Congress Hotel lobby, had a margarita at Gueros, walked around west 6th, listened to blues rock cover band at Friends on dirty sixth playing Nirvana, Cash, and Hendrix while drinking spicy margaritas and shots, chatted with some homeless people outside of the homeless shelter, walked to Red River to see Stubbs, the old emos, and Mohawk, walked to east 6th, drank at Shangri-La, went back to Friends for drinks and blues, went to the elephant room (but no music playing), went to Rain and got a margarita, went to Saxon pub but no music playing, made it back to Friends to listen to another Texas blues band play Stevie Ray Vaughn and Albert King while Karla got hit on, and finally driving home we danced while singing loudly to Nirvana.
  1. Planning

    Made a google map itinerary with orange and blue pins of necessary and optional items. This seemed to work well, but I didn't know how to get the map on my phone.

    1. Car ride
      • cold war book
      • ttc rise of communism lecture
      • fanon lectures?
      • DSR podcast
      • OA podcast
    2. Austin brainstorm
      • Barton springs/ the green belt. If you map “lost creek” or “twin falls” it will bring you to the entrance for those trails.
      • The Best Hiking Spots in Austin
      • https://do512.com/events/2022/05/30
      • Mount Bonnell
      • South Congress
      • Exhibitions - LBJ Library (free on memorial day)
      • Hidden Falls?
      • Esther's follies (closed)
      • 6th street
      • Mozart's coffee
      • Oasis
      • UT?
      • Saxon Pub
      • Pat Todd & the Rankoutsiders, Hickoids, Big Foot Chester, Gravyboat
        • Mon., May 30, 3pm
        • The Parlor
        • 4301 Guadalupe, 512/323-0440
        • theparloraustin.com, theparlorhydepark@gmail.com
      • Mexic-Arte Museum: Chicano/a Art, Movimiento y Más en Austen, Tejas,1960s to 1980s
        • Mexic-Arte Museum: Chicano/a Art, Movimiento y Más en Austen, Tejas,1960s to …
        • This exhibition serves as a primer on the rich and understudied Chicano art movement in Austin, presenting a variety of mediums, themes, and artists, bringing together revolutionary artwork with abstract, conceptual, and commercial art, to show the breadth of creativity these artists achieved.
        • 419 Congress, 512/480-9373
        • mexic-artemuseum.org
      • (RANSOM CENTER CLOSED MEMORIAL DAY) HRC: Henry David Thoreau (HRC: Henry David Thoreau - Arts Calendar - The Austin Chronicle)
        • You know who, way back in the day, had the whole self-isolation thing down pretty damn well? "The author of Walden and Civil Disobedience" is the answer. Of course, Thoreau was only in "semi-seclusion" out there in the north country woods; but what he had to say – what he wrote, in many instances – is a valuable resource for people in these socially distanced times. Here, take yourself a virtual stroll through Thoreau's manuscripts (and letters and more) as beautifully archived in UT's own Harry Ransom Center.

17.3. CANCELLED FILM, BOOK REVIEW AND SIGNING by Dr. Terry Anne Scott, author of Lynching and Leisure: Race and the Transformation of Mob Violence in Texas on Saturday, May 7, 2022 – 1:00 p.m.

  • Dr. Terry Anne Scott is Associate Professor of History and chair of the Department of History at Hood College in Maryland. In Lynching and Leisure, she examines how white Texans transformed lynching from a largely clandestine strategy of extralegal punishment into a form of racialized recreation in which crowd involvement was integral to the mode and methods of the violence. Scott powerfully documents how lynchings came to function not only as tools for debasing the status of Black people but also as highly anticipated occasions for entertainment, making memories with friends and neighbors, and reifying whiteness.
  • Prior to Dr. Scott’s presentation she will show the critically acclaimed documentary film: Lynching Postcards.

17.4. Dallas future field trip brainstorm

17.4.1. Emails from Dr. Keaton of Remembering Black Dallas

Hello, I recommend our Facebook Page. Are you on FB? I so, Our FB Webpage is full of Dallas' Black History. There are several links on our website that all reference Dallas's black history to listen to and read. We also do local tours, as well as one of our members, will be doing a local tour on May 14. The company name is Black History Tour | Hidden History DFW We also do local tours. Our next tour will be out of state and we will resume public local tours in the Fall of this year. Regards, Dr. G. Keaton

17.5. 04-02-22

  • Went to Freedman Cemetary
    • Here is the dallas website with the ordinance about the memorial. Freedmans Cemetery
    • Cemetary of Freed slaves, but all unmarked. There is a memorial with poems and statues of Africans in chains.
    • Next to the Freedman Cemetary there is a Jewish cemetary called Emanu-el Cemetary.
    • We saw the grave of a confederate soldier.
  • Went to JFK memorial
    • Saw a man with schizophrenia gathering things out of garbage cans
    • Saw a JFK concrete lego tomb thing that didn't make much sense. John F. Kennedy Memorial Plaza
    • Also went to Elm and Houston and saw the building that supposedly Lee Harvey Oswald shot JFK from.
  • Went to listen to music at Free Man in Deep Ellum.
    • Heard the Paul Briggs trio with a great bassist and a smooth pianist.
    • Also heard T-Marsh play some r&b.

18. Concerts

18.1. In person concerts

  • [X] Homeshake
  • [X] Umi
  • [ ] ACL fest 2022
  • [X] Kendrick Lamar
  • [X] Khruangbin
  • [X] Hiatus Kaiyote
  • [X] Thee Sacred Souls
  • [X] Swedish House Mafia

18.1.1. ACL fest 2022

  • get there early, leave early
  • no parking, rideshare will be difficult to find (but it's going to be busy)
  • Austin High School (lady bird entrance)
  • You may not have cell phone signal with all the people.
  • lots of dust (bring a face mask)
  • BRING A TRAVEL-SIZE SET OF WET WIPES You will get use of them in one way or another.
  • bring hand sanitizer
  • bodega for snacks
  • AMEX lounge
  • [X] register amex card to wristband
  • [X] Sunscreen
  • [X] rent a locker so you can go through no bag lines
  • I parked on Riverside after Congress on street public. There was plenty there and in the park lots towards Lamar. (About 1-1.3 mile walk to Family entrance.)
  • drink prices

18.2. Concerts to listen to   @home listen TV

18.2.1. TODO Kaytranada Montreal boiler set

18.2.2. TODO Beyonce Coachella set

18.2.3. DONE Nirvana unplugged

  • Watched on <2022-06-01 Wed>

19. Travel

19.1. TODO Plan Nashville   @home

  • study during the day, music at night?

19.2. TODO Plan Durango   @home

19.2.1. Feria Nacional

If you’re looking less for things to do in Durango and more of a reason to explore this expansive and intriguing state, then consider heading up in late June/ mid-July for the Feria Nacional. During this three-week event, much of Durango’s culture is celebrated, including everything from duranguense music and dance, as well as charreadas (Mexican rodeos). As with most fairs, there are also rides, food and general city-wide festivities.

19.3. TODO Plan Mexico City   @home

  • Pujol
  • Music?
  • Library
  • Pyramids

19.4. TODO Plan New Orleans   @home

  • Preservation Jazz ?
  • French Quarter
  • Jewel of the South bar (one of the top 50 bars in north america)

19.5. TODO Plan Washington DC   @home

  • Museums

19.6. TODO Plan Mount pleasant (Things to Do in Mount Pleasant and Titus County | Tour Texas)   @home

20. Places list

20.1. Study

  • Cafe Brazil open 24 hours in some locations
  • People's last stand open until 2am, but closed monday and tuesday
  • Dallas Libraries List
  • La Reunion - closes midnight or 2am.
  • Wild detectives - closes midnight
  • Halcyon - Mon-Thurs: 8AM-10PM, Fri & Sat: 8am-11pm, Sunday: 8am-6pm
  • Watermark coffee Closes M -8pm, T-Th - 7pm, Fr - 3pm
  • Houndstooth
  • Civil pour
  • Half price books

20.3. Sabbatical study

  • We take a week off and I or we travel somewhere and spend the time studying. It could be rural and even without internet so we can focus. Or it can be urban and I or we study during the day like school and have fun in the evening.

20.3.1. Possible Itinerary

  • 9am - 10am breakfast
  • study for 2 hours
  • pre-workout around noon
  • workout
  • post-workout meal (shake+carb)
  • 3pm study for 2 hours
  • 5pm eat out
  • 6-7pm review/set agenda for next day
  • 8pm - go out to town

20.3.2. Places

  • Mexico city has a beautiful library
  • Portland has great coffee shops
  • Hawaii is expensive, but has coffee shops and beautiful spots to hike or read on the beach
  • Studying on a beach in Costa Rica. Also may be able to study near a coffee farm.
  • Nashville - study during the day, music at night.
  • Montreal - never been to Canada and Montreal has a cool vibe from what I hear
  • New Orleans

21. Communist manifesto

21.1. Litcharts Notes

21.1.1. Brief Biography of Karl Marx

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were both born in Prussia, now Germany. They had markedly different upbringings: Marx’s father supported his academic pursuits (albeit insisting his son studied law rather than philosophy), while Engels was pushed into joining his father’s business. At a young age, both men found an affinity with the works of German philosopher Georg Hegel, whose theory that societal progress is the result of conflicting elements had a strong influence over their political writings. Each of them found a community of like-minded individuals in the Young Hegelians, a group of intellectuals that reacted to and wrote about Hegel’s legacy. In 1842, Engels moved to Manchester, England, to work in the office of his father’s cotton mill, giving the young man unparalleled insight into the conditions of the working class and the effects of the capitalist system. Around the same time, Marx edited a German newspaper, advocating for the rights of the masses and pushing its editorial line in a more revolutionary direction. Under threat of censorship, Marx left Prussia with his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, to live in France. In 1844, Marx and Engels met in Paris, becoming close friends and collaborators. Not long after, with the Prussian government exerting pressure on France, Marx was forced to move to Belgium. Engels also moved to Belgium and soon after published a book called The Conditions of the Working Class in England, heavily critical of capitalism. In 1848, Marx and Engels were commissioned by The Communist League to write The Communist Manifesto, arguably the most influential political tract ever written. After this, both men continued to write political works and be involved in the revolutionary activity on the rise across Europe. Political pressure on Marx forced him to permanently resettle in London, England. Engels actively funded Marx’s work, periodically returning to work in business in order to raise finances. In 1870, Engels joined Marx to live in London, eventually dying of cancer in 1895. During the years between the manifesto’s publication and his death, Marx edited the New York Tribune and produced his magnum opus on capitalism, Das Kapital. He died in London in 1883, technically “stateless,” fifteen months after the death of his wife.

22. Reading recommendations - 12ft Ladder   @discord reading

= HistoryMaps | Learn History Visually with Maps and Timelines - cool website to learn history

22.1. Neruda

22.1.1. Poem Here I Love You

  • Analysis here.
  • I disagree with this poem being about "long distance" love. It seems to me that the protagonist loves someone who is dead. What they quote as a famous line: Te estoy amando aún entre estas frías cosas. I believe "frías cosas" insinuates a corpse. In addition, the imagery of the ship reminds me of the river Styx.
  1. English

    Here I love you.

    In the dark pines the wind disentangles itself. The moon glows like phosphorous on the vagrant waters. Days, all one kind, go chasing each other.

    The snow unfurls in dancing figures. A silver gull slips down from the west. Sometimes a sail. High, high stars. Oh the black cross of a ship. Alone.

    Sometimes I get up early and even my soul is wet. Far away the sea sounds and resounds. This is a port.

    Here I love you.

    Here I love you and the horizon hides you in vain. I love you still among these cold things. Sometimes my kisses go on those heavy vessels that cross the sea towards no arrival.

    I see myself forgotten like those old anchors. The piers sadden when the afternoon moors there. My life grows tired, hungry to no purpose. I love what I do not have. You are so far. My loathing wrestles with the slow twilights. But night comes and starts to sing to me.

    The moon turns its clockwork dream. The biggest stars look at me with your eyes. And as I love you, the pines in the wind want to sing your name with their leaves of wire.

  2. Spanish

    Aquí Te Amo

    En los oscuros pinos se desenreda el viento. Fosforece la luna sobre las aguas errantes. Andan días iguales persiguiéndose.

    Se desciñe la niebla en danzantes figuras. Una gaviota de plata se descuelga del ocaso. A veces una vela. Altas, altas estrellas. O la cruz negra de un barco. Solo.

    A veces amanezco, y hasta mi alma está húmeda. Suena, resuena el mar lejano. Este es un puerto. Aquí te amo.

    Aquí te amo y en vano te oculta el horizonte. Te estoy amando aún entre estas frías cosas. A veces van mis besos en esos barcos graves, que corren por el mar hacia donde no llegan.

    Ya me veo olvidado como estas viejas anclas. Son más tristes los muelles cuando atraca la tarde. Se fatiga mi vida inútilmente hambrienta. Amo lo que no tengo. Estás tú tan distante. Mi hastío forcejea con los lentos crepúsculos. Pero la noche llega y comienza a cantarme.

    La luna hace girar su rodaje de sueño. Me miran con tus ojos las estrellas más grandes. Y como yo te amo, los pinos en el viento, quieren cantar tu nombre con sus hojas de alambre

23. TODO Plan Future lecture/podcast series to consider [3/3]   @home

23.2. TODO Law school for everyone - great courses   @home @discord TV

23.3. TODO Cold war lectures/videos   @home TV

23.3.1. TODO Cold War Audiobook by John Lewis Gaddis   @home listen

23.4. TODO Look through The Great Courses History lectures   @home TV

23.5. TODO Hardcore history podcasts   @home listen

23.6. TODO Excellent lectures at CSPAN American History TV   @home TV

24. Anki

  • look at different anki decks
    • can search for MBE anki for multi-bar exam anki decks

24.1. TODO read 20 rules of formulating knowledge in learning to structure facts for easier memorization   @home @discord

25. law school application

25.2. Legal writing

Will need to write a superlative writing sample

25.3. Application

25.3.2. From Dallas Law School Application Website

- Apply | College of Law

Application Required/Optional
Personal Statement (no longer than 3 pages, double-spaced) Required You will attach this to your online application.
Resume (no longer than 3 pages) Required. You will attach this to your online application.
Official transcripts from all colleges Required.
Two letters of recommendation required (not more than three letters) dated within three years of the application submission date Required.
Addendum addressing academic performance or LSAT test score Optional
Addendum addressing character and fitness response (no page limit) Required depending on answers to questions relating to character and fitness.
Writing Sample Required.

25.3.3. Application guides

25.3.4. Personal Statement

  • This place seems good for consulting - https://www.spiveyconsulting.com/services/
  • Good advice from reddit "Just get someone who someone who specializes in law school admissions to edit/help you rewrite your essays. Do it hourly, one or two sessions. Don’t do a giant $3,000+ editing package from people who advertise they were former admissions deans/officers because the added cost doesn’t result in improved writing. You can find good editors on social media, like Instagram or Yelp. "
  1. Notes from sharper statements personal statement guide
  2. Actionable Tips and Timeline for Law School Personal Statement
    • ChatGPT recommendations from this reddit post https://www.reddit.com/r/lawschooladmissions/comments/1cu3xae/i_am_a_law_school_personal_statement_expert_ama/
    • Pick a Unique Angle
      • Action: Find a unique, specific story or experience that captures who you are. Avoid overdone themes (e.g., wanting to “change the world”).
      • Guidance: Even everyday experiences can work if presented insightfully—show your unique perspective, making mundane things engaging.
      • Supporting Quote: “The best personal statements are somewhat quieter and somewhat more interesting… Essays that give me a window into a niche world the applicant is involved in or teach me what’s compelling about an interest we might otherwise overlook.”
      • Supporting Quote: “I read a PS to get to know you, and something like ‘I have a strong work ethic’ should be obvious from your resume, but the story behind it might not be.”
    • Balance Tone and Content
      • Action: Ensure the content is specific, grounded, and personal. Avoid generalities.
      • Guidance: Aim for a mature yet accessible voice—thoughtful, sometimes playful. A "sob story" can be compelling if handled carefully, focusing on resilience and growth.
      • Supporting Quote: “The content should be specific… I want to walk away from an essay believing that the writer has given me a somewhat intimate understanding of their world and their thinking. But the tone should still be mature, sometimes thoughtful, sometimes lightly playful.”
      • Supporting Quote: “If you have a great, moving story, you want to give it full justice and let the reader feel that sorrow with you. Just don’t leave the reader down there—help pick them up.”
    • Focus on Personal Growth, Not Just Interest
      • Action: The essay should reveal your evolution—what personal experiences shaped your interest in law and how they’ve impacted your outlook.
      • Guidance: Emphasize specific moments of realization or growth, especially if the path to law school wasn’t direct.
      • Supporting Quote: “For me, the best PS topics often involve grappling with a decision the applicant needed to make or a shift from one interest to another… show me your evolution.”
      • Supporting Quote: “Some of the best essays I've read deal with huge, heavy topics but focus more on the recovery story or the growth that happened afterward.”
    • Story Over Resume
      • Action: The personal statement should not recap your resume. Use it to share a story that gives depth to your achievements or growth.
      • Guidance: Highlight how personal experiences inspired resilience or skill development in a way that your resume cannot fully capture.
      • Supporting Quote: “They probably want the story! It’s really common to think, ‘But I want to talk about this [work or academic experience]’—but that’s what your resume is for.”
      • Supporting Quote: “The personal statement should feel halfway between a very fun undergrad Common App essay and a grad-school statement of purpose.”
    • Show Your Why Law Story Through Examples
      • Action: Instead of explicitly stating why you want to study law, illustrate it through the narrative of your experiences.
      • Guidance: Describe how legal challenges or exposure to law through media (e.g., a unique podcast or case study) inspired your path.
      • Supporting Quote: “You don’t need to go into a ton of detail on the topic, but you want to hint that you’ve initiated yourself into the insider world of legal careers.”
      • Supporting Quote: “Instead of a firm ‘Why Law,’ try making your PS more about the texture of a legal career. If your field interest isn’t specific, mention a few related fields you’re considering.”
    • Customize for Specific Schools (if applicable)
      • Action: Add school-specific content if you genuinely connect with the program’s unique offerings.
      • Guidance: If a school, like Berkeley, allows longer statements, include more personal depth or examples to fill the space.
      • Supporting Quote: “For Berkeley, definitely [extend the length]. They tend to want it to reach the bottom of the third page… Berk really likes it when you are obviously customizing your application for them.”
      • Supporting Quote: “For schools you really want to go to, try to do at least one unique, specific thing for them.”
  3. Notable Examples for Reference
    1. Delivery Driver Example: An applicant described their daily struggles with financial insecurity and working as a delivery driver while managing school, showing perseverance and firsthand knowledge of workers’ rights. Accepted to Michigan Law.
    2. Environmental Scientist Example: A geologist studying toxic algae in Upper Klamath Lake pivoted to law to advocate for environmental policies, emphasizing their technical background as a valuable tool in policy reform.
    3. Incarcerated Individuals’ Rights Example: An applicant working in a nonprofit that addresses prison rights illustrated their motivation to reform the justice system’s approach to solitary confinement. Their perspective on law as a tool for rehabilitation, rather than punishment, impressed top-tier schools.
    4. Legislative Director Example: A former campaign manager turned legislative director used specific examples of community impact (e.g., lead poisoning prevention) to show their dedication to public health policy reform and legal strategy.
    5. Wildfire Journalist Example: A student journalist covering wildfires in California narrated how witnessing environmental mismanagement led them to see law as a means of holding corporations accountable, ultimately deciding to apply to law school to enact change at a systemic level.
    1. Action Plan and Timeline
      1. Phase 1: Ideation (1 Week)
        • Task: Brainstorm possible topics.
        • Steps: Write 5-6 loose paragraphs over several nights about various experiences (e.g., internships, personal turning points, or unique interests). Reflect on why you chose your major, career steps, or how certain personal challenges shaped you.
      2. Phase 2: First Draft (1 Week)
        • Task: Write the first draft.
        • Steps: Focus on one main story or theme that shows your personality and growth. Be open to writing a "bad" first sentence—come back to refine it later. Pay more attention to a strong, engaging end to your opening paragraph.
      3. Phase 3: Editing and Refinement (1-2 Weeks)
        • Task: Refine the content and tone.
        • Steps: Emphasize specificity in your story, grounding any abstract ideas with personal experiences. Ensure your writing is reflective, mature, and strikes a balance between personal and professional. Make sure any heavy subjects (e.g., adversity) are balanced with lighter moments or growth narratives.
      4. Phase 4: Personalization and School-Specific Adjustments (If Necessary, 1 Week)
        • Task: Add any unique customization for specific schools.
        • Steps: For schools that value Why X statements, briefly mention what attracts you to their programs, avoiding generic phrases. Extend length only if the school allows it and focus on enhancing the narrative rather than adding new content.
      5. Phase 5: Final Proofread and Peer Review (1 Week)
        • Task: Finalize and polish the essay.
        • Steps: Proofread for clarity, grammar, and tone. Have a trusted peer or advisor review the essay for coherence, impact, and uniqueness.
  4. Brainstorm ideas
    1. Affirmative Action ruling
      • I think admission programs may initially favor race based admissions that are utilized in a personal statement. UTSW is looking at the law and thinking of how to continue a mission of diversity.
      • Your story is compelling, coming from undocumented immigrants who don't speak English, parents who constantly under threat of deportation, and your academic success (with some slip ups). Shaping this into a personal statement narrative would likely be beneficial.
    2. History and originalism
      • Emphasize your background, passion for history and the changing jurisprudential philosophy of the courts towards historical analysis and justification. regardless of people's belief about stare decisis vs originalism, young lawyers will need to be able to make historical arguments to be effective.
        • I have a passion for US history paragraph: examples, interests
        • As someone interested in history of Law, jurisprudence has shown a change in the last x years (look this up) towards historical analysis. This is likely to intensify given the current supreme court.
          • reference New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., INC. v. BRUEN | Supreme Court | US Law |… case to make argument. Bruen states the test to determine the constitutionality of the second amendment rests in a historical analysis:
            • from Thomas's opinion in Bruen: Since Heller and McDonald, the Courts of Appeals have developed a “two-step” framework for analyzing Second Amendment challenges that combines history with means-end scrutiny. The Court rejects that two-part approach as having one step too many. Step one is broadly consistent with Heller, which demands a test rooted in the Second Amendment’s text, as informed by history.
      • Conclusion can be something like: As a lawyer, I wish to be as effective as possible for my clients and I believe I have the passion, tools to argue from both stare decisis/orginalism.
      1. Bruen resources
  5. Tips
  6. Rough Draft

    I am Karla. I want to go to law school. I am so smart. Let me in to law school. Look at me and how good I will be in law.

  7. Editing service

    Suggest using one of these after you make rough draft. These can be excellent. Cost is immaterial as the return of investment is substantial.

25.3.5. Transcripts

25.3.6. LSAT [/]

25.3.7. LSAT day preparation checklist

  1. day before
    • [ ] move things out of room
    • [ ] have charger available
    • [ ] clear water bottle
    • [ ] temperature at 72 degrees
    • [ ] everbowl in morning
    • [ ] i take care of uzi for the night

25.3.8. Writing Sample

25.3.9. Letters of Recommendation

25.3.10. Resume

25.3.11. Addendum for academic performance

  • This will need to be carefully considered and written.

25.4. Cost

Over three years, a law student can expect to pay anywhere from $87,222 (in-state, public school) to $153,804 (private school) and up. These numbers can be overwhelming, especially when moving from undergrad directly to law school. But according to BLS, the median salary of a lawyer is $126,930 as of 2020, with the top ten percent earning more than $208,000 per year.

  • 87000 to 153000 for tuition
  • living cost=?
  • income= ?
  • Combine to find approximate loan

25.4.1. Example

  • Assuming living cost of 18000 a year for three years = 54000.
  • Let's say tuition of 100000 for three years.
  • Loan = $154000
  • You will likely need multiple loans which will have different interest rates.
  • I'll say 5% loans (this is really high and is going to hurt)
  • (* 0.05 154000) is
  • 7700 a year of interest.
  • fv(r=0.05/12,n=6*12,pv=-154000,pmt=2470,type=1)
  • If you put in 2470 a month for 6 years you can pay off the loan.
  • Assuming a salary of 125000 (median salary).
  • Federal taxes will be 21000. This is high as you may put some money into retirement.
  • There will be other taxes including property taxes if you own a home.
  • (- 125000 21000)
  • 104000 is what's left over.
  • Assuming you live off of 60000 a year.
  • (- 104000 60000) = 44000
  • (/ 44000 12) = 3666
  • If you put 3100 of this into your loan, you can pay off your loan in 55 months or 4.5 years.
  • n.period(r=0.05/12, pv=154000, fv=0 , pmt=-3100, type=1)
  • Of course, you can choose to spend more money and take longer to pay back loans; or spend less money and pay back the loan faster..

26. Civil War and Reconstruction by Professor David Blight Yale Lecture Series

26.1. Questions to answer in second half of lecture series

  1. Why did the North win this war?
  2. Why did the South lose it?
  3. What did making war, and experiencing it, mean to common soldiers, to officers, to their families, to the women left at home and the women who went to the front?
  4. How did the war unleash or reinforce or reshape nineteenth century values and attitudes? When Americans of the 1860s confronted war on this scale, eighty percent of all white males in the American South between the age of sixteen and forty-five will be in the army–eighty percent. In the northern states, fifty percent–a much higher population–of all white males between eighteen and forty-five will be in the Army or the Navy. Can you imagine if we had fifty percent of the American–let's just count the white males–in the United States today under arms, through a draft? A whole lot of you wouldn't be here.
  5. What did the war itself mean on both sides? Its cause, its purpose, that developing sense of the reason people fight. What was it about?
  6. What were the war's results, what were its consequences? Do wars have meanings that we are obliged to discern? Yes.
  7. Why were the slaves freed? How did emancipation come, when it came, the way it came?
  8. Was the American Civil War a second American Revolution–yes, no, maybe in between? Is it the wrong term, is there a better one?
  9. What is the place of this pivotal, transformative event in America's national memory? And
  10. –God I hope we can answer some of these–was the Civil War a just war?"

26.2. Lecture notes

26.2.1. 1

  1. Reading Assignment
    • None assigned

26.2.2. 2. Southern Society: Slavery, King Cotton, and Antebellum America's "Peculiar" Region

  1. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 1, pp. 9-26

    Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War, –

  2. Good quotes from the lecture
    • "The South has a tradition," said Gurganus, "of attempting the impossible at great cost, proudly celebrating the failure, and in gaining admiration for the performance." "
    • He said Southerners are "proud, brave, honorable by its"–The South is "proud, brave, honorable by its lights, courteous, personally generous, loyal, swift to act, often too swift, but signally effective, sometimes terrible in its actions. Such was the South at its best," said Cash, "and such at its best it remains today." Then comes a "but." But the South, he says, is also characterized by, quote, "violence, intolerance, aversion, suspicion toward new ideas, an incapability for analysis, an inclination to act from feeling rather than from thought, attachment to fictions and false values, above all too great attachment to racial values and a tendency to justify cruelty and injustice." from Mind of the South by Cash
    • Jefferson: "Northerners are cool, sober, laborious, persevering, independent, jealous of their own liberties, chicaning, superstitious, and hypocritical in their religion." Take that Yankees. But Southerners, he said, "they are fiery, voluptuous, indolent, unsteady, independent, zealous of their own liberties"– He's not over: "zealous of their own liberties but trampling on those of others, generous, candid and without attachment or pretensions to any religion but that of their own heart."
    • "do note how he said both sides were either jealous or zealous of their own liberties. That could be an epigraph on this course, if you like, because in the end when this Civil War will finally come both sides will say over and over and over again that they are only fighting for liberty. Everybody in the Civil War will say they're fighting for liberty."
    • But in 1860 American slaves, as a financial asset, were worth approximately three and a half billion dollars–that's just as property. Three and a half billion dollars was the net worth, roughly, of slaves in 1860. In today's dollars that would be approximately seventy-five billion dollars. In 1860 slaves as an asset were worth more than all of America's manufacturing, all of the railroads, all of the productive capacity of the United States put togethe. Slaves were the single largest, by far, financial asset of property in the entire American economy.
    • By 1860 there were approximately 4,000,000 slaves in the United States, the second largest slave society–slave population–in the world. The only one larger was Russian serfdom.
    • Now, how powerful was the cotton boom once it took hold? This powerful. Sea Island cotton, the kind of cotton grown down there in the Georgia–where it was first grown in North America–in the Georgia, South Carolina islands, was a kind of long and silky kind of cotton. They weren't very successful in growing it in huge amounts, but that short stapled cotton that eventually was the form of cotton that the cotton gin made into such a massive, marketable world product, is what made the cotton boom boom. By the 1820s, already, within a decade of the War of 1812 and the opening of the frontier, cotton's future seemed limitless. And one of the best analogies you can think of is the oil rich nations of the world in post-World War Two, in the post-World War Two era, whether it's Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran, the Emirates, or Venezuela, name–today Russia. If you're an oil rich country today, as long as that oil lasts, you got the world kind of at your knees. You're in OPEC. And that is exactly what the South began to see itself as, at least Southern leadership began to see itself as, as early as the 1820s and 1830s. </p><p>The cotton crop nearly doubled every decade from 1820 to 1860. Four decades in a row the production of American cotton nearly doubled. Now think of another product in American history that doubled every decade for four decades, and then imagine that that product became the country's, without question, absolute largest export. General Motors at its height, when I was growing up in Flint, Michigan, in boom times, would've wished it could've said that.

26.2.3. 3. A Southern World View: the Old South and Proslavery Ideology

  1. Aristotle argument for slavery
  2. Reading Assignment

    Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War, Introduction, chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6

    Frederick Douglass, _Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An

26.2.4. 4. A Northern World View: Yankee Society, Antislavery Ideology and the Abolition Movement

  1. Reading Assignment

    Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War, Introduction, chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6

    Frederick Douglass, _Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An

26.2.5. 5. Telling a Free Story: Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in Myth and Realitys

  1. Reading Assignment

    Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave

    William Gienapp, _Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary

26.2.6. 6. Expansion and Slavery: Legacies of the Mexican War and the Compromise of 1850

  1. Reading Assignment

    Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave

    William Gienapp, _Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary

26.2.7. 7. "A Hell of a Storm": The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Birth of the Republican Party, 1854-55

  1. Freeing slaves from the Fugitive slave act
    1. Shadrach Minkins saved by Lewis Hayden
      • Should name a battleship the SS Lewis Hayden
      • It led to the famous rescue of Shadrach Minkins in early 1852 in Boston, a fugitive slave from Virginia who was working in an abolitionist coffeehouse in Boston, retrieved by slave catchers, taken to a jail, broken out of that jail. One of the jailers murdered on the spot by a mob of abolitionists led by Lewis Hayden, himself a fugitive slave from Kentucky, who lived in Beacon Hill in Boston and dared Federal magistrates to come to his house and try to retrieve Shadrack Minkins by putting an entire posse on the street, and a keg of gun powder in front of his door, which he threatened he would blow up if any magistrate got near it. And that night they spirited Shadrach off to Concord, Massachusetts where the descendents of abolitionists to this day like to argue which house he stayed in, and then off across Route 2, across northern Massachusetts and on up into Canada where Shadrach remained the rest of his life as a grocer in Montreal.
    2. Anthony Burns captured, then bought and freed
      • Deployment of 3000(!) federal troops to ensure Burns is not freed. Opposite of federal troops being deployed after Brown vs Board of Education.
      • "We had the rescue in Boston of a fugitive slave named Anthony Burns, who was a young guy in his early twenties. He had escaped out of Virginia, up to Boston by sea. He too was working in–actually a store at one point, in a coffee shop at another point. He was even distributing copies of William Lloyd Garrison's <i>Liberator</i>. He hadn't been there even a year and slave catchers found him, captured him. </p><p>Now, after Shadrach Minkins got out of Boston in 1852, the Anthony Burns rendition case captured the imagination of the nation, because Franklin Pierce, President of the United States, moved Federal troops, about 3000 of them, into the streets of Boston to guard the courthouse and to guard the jail and make sure nobody broke Anthony Burns out. It became a test case for the Democratic Party of Massachusetts. And on the day Anthony Burns was marched–he was convicted–marched from the jail down to the wharf and put on a ship back to slavery in Virginia, the abolitionist community, black and white, of Boston and all of Massachusetts, gathered in Boston. They held an all-night vigil with candlelight outside of the jail and they draped the streets of Boston, or some of the streets, in black crepe, in mourning. Burns was sent back to Virginia. </p><p>His story is amazing though. His owner then sold him–he was too famous–sold him to North Carolina. And one day a white woman in North Carolina wrote a letter to her sister in Amherst, Massachusetts and said, "Helen, that slave named Burns that they captured up in Boston, he's living on the farm next door. Isn't that interesting?" And her sister wrote from the First Baptist Church of Amherst, Massachusetts, back to her sister and said, "Really? What if we could raise some money to purchase him? Would you talk to your neighbors?" She talked to her neighbors. One thing led to another. Abolitionists, beginning in Amherst, Massachusetts and then around the State of Massachusetts, raised the money, made the offer, and Anthony Burns' freedom was sold. And he came North, by 1856. He first arrived in Amherst, Massachusetts where he was celebrated. They took him out on the road–Exhibit A."
  2. Reading Assignment

    Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War, Introduction, chapters 7-10

    William Gienapp, _Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary

26.2.8. 8. Dred Scott, Bleeding Kansas, and the Impending Crisis of the Union, 1855-58

  1. Reading Assignment

    Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War, Introduction, chapters 7-10

    William Gienapp, _Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary

26.2.9. 9. John Brown's Holy War: Terrorist or Heroic Revolutionary?

  1. Reading Assignment

    David Blight, Why the Civil War Came, chapter 3

    Charles R. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War

26.2.10. 10. The Election of 1860 and the Secession Crisis

  1. Reading Assignment

    David Blight, Why the Civil War Came, chapter 3

    Charles R. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War

26.2.11. 11. Slavery and State Rights, Economies and Ways of Life: What Caused the Civil War?

  1. Reading Assignment
    • William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 1, pp. 57-70
    • Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts 3-5, pp. 81-137
  2. Quotes from lecture 11
    • Now, it's interesting that this sense of a southern nationalism, if you like, was born more, I would argue, of fear of an enemy than it actually was of any kind of planned vision of an organized nation. As numerous, brilliant scholars of southern nationalism, from Drew Faust to John McCardell and others have argued–and I will come back to this in a couple of weeks–a southern nation did come out of this confederacy, but it was born almost overnight, and not by a lot of long-term planning. It was born more in resentment and defensiveness of knowing what they were against and who their enemy might be than it was actually born of a thought-out plan of what they were for.
  3. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 1, pp. 57-70

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.12. 12. "And the War Came," 1861: The Sumter Crisis, Comparative Strategies

  1. Quotes
    • in fact, the vast majority were not going to free the slaves just yet. There's a story of a Yankee soldier in Virginia in 1861 who encounters a slave woman and he's taken that woman's goods and that woman says, "Well wait a minute, aren't you coming here to help us?" And he answered her and said–. No, the woman says, "We were told you were coming here to help us and instead you steal from us." And the soldier replied, "You're a god-damn liar. I'm fighting for $14.00 a month and the Union." Well there's a beautiful clarity in that too–I ain't here to free you.
  2. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 1, pp. 57-70

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.13. 13. Terrible Swift Sword: The Period of Confederate Ascendency, 1861-1862

  1. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 2, pp. 71-106

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.14. 14. Never Call Retreat: Military and Political Turning Points in 1863

  1. Quotes
    • Were it not for the American Civil War you'd have never heard of Ulysses S. Grant. This is Bill McFeely's description; William McFeely who has written the finest biography of Grant I think still ever done, although there've been many since. And he's describing Grant's situation in Galena and how bored he was and depressed he was and so on. And then McFeely writes: "War, the ordinary man's escape from the ordinary. It was a way out of a leather store, and for some men it is much more than that, it is the fulfillment that the world will yield in no other manner. For these men, war appears as a refutation of evil, whether it be the evil of Hitler's threat to Marc Bloch's France or the slaveholders' threat to Thoreau's America, or less exalted but no less real, the evil of personal hollowness. War, for a man like Ulysses Grant, was the only situation in which he could truly connect to his country and countrymen and be at one with them and himself. Grant did not like the vainglory of victory or the drama of high strategy or the blood of battle, and he did not think that all wars were worth fighting, yet some essential part of his being was brought into play only in war. He never celebrated this fact, but neither did he deny it. He knew it was true. Only in war, and possibly at the end of his life in writing about the war, in what would be the greatest memoir of this war, did he find the completeness of experience that when engaged in it so intensely moved him."
    • The first day at Shiloh was a complete Confederate victory. It drove the Union forces right back to the river, the Tennessee River, and by the time Grant and one of his other generals, William Tecumseh Sherman, arrived that night they found remnants of this completely defeated Union force hiding on the banks of the Tennessee River, many of them having lost their regiments, lost their command, lost their officers, didn't know where they were. Through the dark of night April 6 to 7, it was especially Sherman and other officers–as Don Carlos Buell's 20,000 men arrived at Shiloh in the middle of that night–Sherman and other officers, literally at times, whipped Union soldiers into order, tried to help men find their units. And when dawn came the next day they counter-attacked across the same fields in savage hand-to-hand combat that all of these soldiers had never experienced and never seen. And by the end of it they completely reversed the first day's action. The Battle of Shiloh took place in an area about a mile to a mile and a half in diameter, and by the end of the second day, as Grant famously put it in one of the very few moments in his two-volume memoir where he ever kind of really broke down and described the carnage, he said, "I could've walked across that field as far as the eye could see and never touched the ground by walking on the bodies." For the two armies in forty-eight hours there were 23,841 casualties; 23,841 casualties.
    • Now, Shiloh strategically was a Union success in the simple fact that the Confederate Army had to retreat back into Mississippi, and did not succeed in re-entering Tennessee and opening up a new front in Tennessee, or taking control of the Tennessee River in that region. But it was truly a shock to the country when these casualty lists came back and were published in newspapers, and when the adjutants of regiments–which was the job of an adjutant in a regiment was to record the casualties and send them home. And it was, of course, that site where Grant remembered realizing for the first time–and I had that quote up here the other day and you can read it in Gienapp–where he said, "It was at that moment I realized that this war could never–that the Union could never be preserved without" what he called "complete conquest of the South." That's what Bruce Catton meant about how the scabbard was being thrown away. It was now a war where no one would ever call retreat.
  2. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 2, pp. 71-106

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.15. 15. Lincoln, Leadership, and Race: Emancipation as Policy

  1. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 2, pp. 165-178 and pp. 261-280

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.16. 16. Days of Jubilee: The Meanings of Emancipation and Total War

  1. Quotes
    • If you saw a Confederate Army from 1862 to '64, you'd see hundreds of black people. Well, and as those armies moved, sometimes those slaves had opportunities to flee. In the wake of battles, on any scale, some slaves would always flee.
  2. Reading Assignment

    William Gienapp, Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, part 2, pp. 165-178 and pp. 261-280

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.17. 17. Homefronts and Battlefronts: "Hard War" and the Social Impact of the Civil War

  1. Quotes
    • Rebecca Harding Davis, a wonderful American writer who experienced the war, left us this quite amazing little description of what I would call a simple picture of tragedy. She was in a tiny Pennsylvania town, doesn’t even name it, and it’s 1864, and she describes a scene she witnessed at a train station. I quote her. “Nobody was in sight but a poor, thin country girl in a faded calico gown and sunbonnet. She stood alone on the platform waiting. A child was playing beside her. When we stopped the men took out from a freight car” — Davis was on the train, forgive me — “the men took out from a freight car a rough, unplanned pine box and laid it down, baring their heads for a moment. Then the train steamed away. She sat down on the ground, put her arms around the box, and leaned her head on it. The child went on playing.” We don’t know her name. We don’t even know what town.org-timer
  2. Reading Assignment

    Drew G. Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War

    Gary Gallagher, _The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and

26.2.18. 18. "War So Terrible": Why the Union Won and the Confederacy Lost at Home and Abroad

  1. Reading Assignment

    Drew G. Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War

    Gary Gallagher, _The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and

26.2.19. 19. To Appomattox and Beyond: The End of the War and a Search for Meanings

  1. Quotes
    • But one little piece by Melville, because it's about you. This was Melville's meditation in poetry on the death of college students in the war. It's called "On the Slain Collegians." It's timeless, it could be about any war, although collegians don't go to war anymore very much in America. "Youth is the time when hearts are large and stirring wars appeal to the spirit which appeals in turn to the blade it draws. If woman in sight and duties show, though made the mask of Cane, or whether it be truth, sacred cause, who can aloof remain that shares youth's ardor, uncooled by the snow of wisdom or sordid gain? Woe for the homes of the North and woe for the seats of the South, all who felt life spring in prime and were swept by the wind of their place in time. Oh lavish hearts on whichever side of birth or bane or courage high, arm them for the stirring wars, arm them some to die, Apollo-like in pride. Each slay his python caught, the maxims in his temple taught. The anguish of maternal hearts must search for balm divine. But well the striplings bore their faded parts, the heaven all parts must assign. Never felt life's care or cloy. Each bloomed and died an abated boy, nor dreamed what death was, thought it mere sliding into some vernal sphere. They knew the joy but leaped the grief. Like plants that flower 'ere comes the leaf which storms lay low in kindly doom and kill them in the flush of their bloom."
  2. Reading Assignment

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, part 9, pp. 264-267 and pp. 281-306

    E. L. Doctorow, The March

26.2.20. 20. Wartime Reconstruction: Imagining the Aftermath and a Second American Republic

  1. Quotes
    • But I found Melville, sorry. Let me leave you with this. Spare the poets. Melville wrote this little poem, after Lincoln was murdered. Listen to what he says. "Good Friday was the day Of the prodigy and crime, When they killed him in his pity, When they killed him in his prime Of clemency and calm–When with yearning he was filled To redeem the evil-willed, And, though conqueror, be kind; But they killed him in his kindness, In their madness and their blindness, And they killed him from behind. There is sobbing of the strong, And a pall upon the land; But the People in their weeping Bare an iron hand; Beware the People weeping When they bare the iron hand. He lieth in his blood–the father in his face; They have killed him, the Forgiver–The Avenger now takes his place, The Avenger wisely stern, Who in righteousness shall do What the heavens call him to, And the parricides remand; For they killed him in his kindness, In their madness and their blindness, And his blood is on their hand. There is sobbing of the strong, And a pall upon the land; But the People in their weeping Bare the iron hand; Beware the People weeping When they bare an iron hand." The whole history of Reconstruction has always been a debate really over how iron the hand should've been. Thank you, see you next week.
  2. Reading Assignment

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, part 9, pp. 264-267 and pp. 281-306

    E. L. Doctorow, The March

26.2.21. 21. Andrew Johnson and the Radicals: A Contest over the Meaning of Reconstruction

  1. Quotes
    • Now, pause with me for a moment. What they're all thinking about now–Lincoln, the Republican leadership of Congress, anybody thinking about Reconstruction, during the war or even in the immediate aftermath–is really thinking about a set of questions, somewhat like those big questions I started with, but more specifically. This is what they have to think about now. And if you think American statesmen have been challenged at other times in our history, how would you like to have this challenge? Three main questions. (1) Who would rule in the South, who? Who gets to vote? Who gets to hold office; ex-Confederates, black people, whites who'd been loyal? How do you determine this? (2) Who will rule in the federal government, Congress or the President, in this unprecedented blank slate set of issues? The country had never faced this before. How do you reconstruct a Union? How do you re-admit states into the Union? There's no blueprint in the Constitution. There are hints, depending on how you interpret it. And (3) what will the dimensions of black freedom be, in law and in practice and in social life, on the ground, in the South? All the while remembering this all must occur now in these desperate conditions of poverty, destruction, starvation and tremendous untold, as yet not even fully fathomed, bitterness and hatred. Or let me give you one last little question. I love asking questions I don't have to stand up right now and answer. Would Reconstruction be a preservation of something old, or the creation of something truly new? And if it's going to be new, how new?
  2. Reading Assignment

    Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877, chapters 1-4, pp. 1-81

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.22. 22. Constitutional Crisis and Impeachment of a President

  1. Reading Assignment

    Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877, chapters 1-4, pp. 1-81

    Michael P. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War, parts

26.2.23. 23. Black Reconstruction in the South: The Freedpeople and the Economics of Land and Labor

  1. Quotes
    • There's a simple question for you, what is the engine of history? Don't you like unanswerable questions? Is the engine of history politics, the inherent, natural, eternal quest of people to bend other people's wills and take power? Or is the engine of history economics, the grinding, on-the-ground process by which people carve out livelihoods over against other people's competition for the same livelihoods? It doesn't seem to matter what history you study, or where you look, history always somehow comes around to this nexus, this collision, between forces of political power and forces of economics, and our job is always somehow to discern between them and how they mix.
  2. Reading Assignment

    Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877, chapters 5-10, pp. 82-216

    William Gienapp, _Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary

26.2.24. 24. Retreat from Reconstruction: the Grant Era and Paths to "Southern Redemption"

  1. Reading Assignment

    Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877, chapters 5-10, pp. 82-216

    William Gienapp, _Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary

26.2.25. 25. The "End" of Reconstruction: Disputed Election of 1876, and the "Compromise of 1877"

  1. Reading Assignment

    Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War

    Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877, chapter 11, Epilogue, pp. 217-60

26.2.26. 26. Race and Reunion: the Civil War in American Memory

  1. Reading Assignment

    Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War

    Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877, chapter 11, Epilogue, pp. 217-60

26.2.27. 27. Legacies of the Civil War

  1. Reading Assignment

    None assigned

27. English speaking, cheap countries

Country Total.English.speakers.1 Cost.of.Living.Index Safety.Index
Pakistan 49 19.92 55.92
Sri Lanka 62 31.29 59.78
Philippines 58.2 37.06 57.84
Latvia 46 48.45 63.05
Croatia 60.00 48.94 75.29
Jordan 45 49.19 59.17
Estonia 50 53.68 76.86
Slovenia 59 53.88 78.93
Greece 51 56.22 59.68
Cyprus 73 59.03 69.99
Germany 56 65.58 65.19
Malta 89 67.84 60.96
United Kingdom 98.3 69.65 56.29
Canada 83.06 70.22 60.33
Austria 73 71.04 76.27

Nearly all of these countries I had not considered. Cost of living in the US is 72 and safety index in the US 52.

28. History notes

28.1. Haitian revolution

  • Free people of color, including several who were in France at the time, wielded the new language of equality and rights to address longstanding grievances about racial discrimination. They argued that the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen applied to all men, not simply those
  • Two who made this argument were the wealthy, educated nonwhite property owners Julien Raimond and Vincent Ogé. Because they weren’t white, the pair was boxed out of political power at home in Saint‑Domingue. However, because of their wealth and social position, they were able to remonstrate directly with members of the National Assembly in France. Still, the assembly never formally abolished what they called an “aristocracy of the skin.”
  • His patience exhausted, Ogé, in July 1790, boarded a ship for home. Once back in Saint‑Domingue, he amassed a cache of weapons and recruited several hundred men to stand with him for the rights of free people of color and against the forces of racial exclusion. However, white authorities contained the uprising.
  • After thwarting the coup, white leaders in the colony disarmed all free people of color. Although Ogé initially escaped to the Spanish side of Hispaniola, he was extradited and executed along with many fellow rebels.
  • Two former slaves, Jean Francois and Georges Biassou, were among the leaders of the rebellion in Saint‑Domingue. They organized tens of thousands of slaves into guerrilla armies that ransacked and burned plantations and murdered colonists. Many of Saint‑Domingue’s African‑born inhabitants had previous military experience, so they made for an effective, experienced fighting force.
  • The former slaves now leveraged their freedom. It was at this point that Toussaint Louverture, who would come to personify Haiti’s revolution, rose to the fore. Recognized as a leader with military abilities, the French appointed him as governor of Saint‑Domingue. His post brought the challenges of ongoing fighting and the compromised wealth of the colony. Napoleon then takes over France.
  • Louverture declared himself governor‑for‑life in 1801. He issued a constitution that same year that formally abolished slavery and declared Catholicism as the official religion. Louverture also signed treaties with Britain and the United States, further challenging French sovereignty. His forces invaded the Spanish part of the island, and emancipated the slaves.
  • Napoleon ordered his brother‑in‑law, General Charles Leclerc, to take 50,000 French troops to Saint‑Domingue to bring the colony back under French control. Vicious fighting ensued. The French sustained major casualties. But within a few months, Louverture—along with his generals Jean‑Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe—were forced to back off.
  • By the summer of 1802, they had surrendered to the French. General Leclerc, fearing Louverture’s continued influence, had him arrested and imprisoned in France, where the revolutionary leader died the following year.
  • The Napoleonic regime announced soon after that slavery was being reinstated in its colonies, and the equal rights previously given to people of color were also eroded. This prompted a new round of insurgency from Saint‑Domingue’s African‑born former slaves. French forces reacted again with horrifying brutality. Leclerc’s men engaged in mass murder against the native population. Leclerc died of yellow fever.
  • Colonial repression continued until November 1803, when the French finally acknowledged defeat. On January 1, 1804, insurgents proclaimed the independence of a small new Caribbean country to be henceforth known by the indigenous name of Haiti. Former slaves led the world’s first Black republic.
  • Louverture’s deputy, Jean‑Jacques Dessalines, became independent Haiti’s first leader. He exacted revenge for a century of slavery by unleashing reprisals against the island’s white plantation owners and Frenchmen, many of whom were brutally killed.
  • Dessalines ruled autocratically. However, in October 1806, Dessalines was killed by his own troops in a coup d’état. Racial tension continued to divide the new nation afterward, as Blacks and mixed‑race persons each vied for influence.
  • The two sides elected their own leaders and retreated to different parts of the country. One of Louverture’s chief lieutenants, Henri Christophe, a Black man, ruled the State of Haiti in the north. Alexandre Pétion, a mixed‑race person, served as president of the Republic of Haiti in the south and west. The two sides fought intermittently for the next decade.
  • It was only after Petion’s death in 1818, followed by Henri Christophe’s death by suicide in late 1820, that Haiti reunited. But a democratic representative state never emerged.
  • The French extorted Haiti who had to borrow from French banks and were in debt and impoverished for 100 years.

28.2. Industrial revolution

"Much of eighteenth-century industrial expansion did not in fact lead immediately, or within the foreseeable future, to industrial revolution, i.e. to the creation of a mechanized ‘factory system’ which in turn produces in such vast quantities and at such rapidly diminishing cost, as to be no longer dependent on existing demand, but to create its own market." - Age of Revolutions pg 51.

28.3. Mexican Revolution

28.3.1. From Modern Revolutions

MEXICO’S REVOLUTION OF BULLETS AND MYTHS

The Mexican Revolution is considered to be the first major social revolution of the 20th century. It wasn’t driven by a cohesive ideology. Enrique Krauze, the historian and author of Mexico: Biography of Power, wrote that instead of ideological principles, the revolution “was organized around personages.” Those personages included Emiliano Zapata, Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, and the villainous but effective military dictator Victoriano Huerta.

  1. ROOTS OF THE REVOLUTION
    • In many ways, the roots of the Mexican Revolution go back to colonial

    Spain. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish conquistadores established a system of governance and wealth extraction rooted in the encomienda system of land grants. The crown invested landowners with the right to impose forced labor and tribute. The system created vast inequities that endured after Mexico gained its independence in the early 19th century.

    • After independence, Mexico became plagued with political instability.

    Between 1824 and 1867, 52 presidents ruled the newly independent country. In 1876, after a civil war and several foreign conflicts, the military leader Porfirio Díaz ousted President Sebastían Lerdo de Tejada from office.

    • He was supported in this by prominent Mexican landowners and

    American interests alike. The next year, Díaz was elected president, initially to a four-year term, as stipulated by the 1857 constitution. After his first term, Díaz stepped aside in favor of a hand-picked successor. He began a second term in 1884. After neutering the Mexican congress and opposition, Díaz then engineered a constitutional amendment that enabled him to stay in power.

    • While many of Díaz’s Mexican allies grew wealthy, much of Mexico’s riches

    found their way into the pockets of foreign investors. By 1910, Americans owned more than 100 million acres of Mexican territory while communal land previously belonging to villages was seized by large agricultural estates. More than 90% of the country’s peasants were landless.

    • Americans also controlled many of the most profitable sectors of the

    economy. Mexican workers saw their wages decline, living conditions deteriorate, and goods priced out of reach. Strikes and protests proliferated.

    • President Díaz responded by making concessions to his political supporters

    and allies while shifting economic and tax burdens onto workers, peasants, and professionals and business owners not closely aligned with him. When criticized, Díaz responded with repression.

  2. FRANCISCO MADERO
    • Francisco Madero, though a member of the landed class, found common

    ground with industrial workers and peasants in their shared opposition to Díaz. In 1909, he sent a book he’d recently written to the president, titled The Presidential Succession in 1910.

    • Madero argued that it was time for new leadership. His appeal led to the

    creation of new political opposition organized as the Anti-Reelectionist Party. It attracted members from nearly every strata of society. 20

    • In 1910, Madero ran

    as his party’s candidate against Díaz. Díaz had Madero arrested on charges of sedition and went on to claim a landslide victory. Madero’s allies alleged massive electoral fraud.

    • Assuming that the

    threat from Madero had passed along with the election, Díaz’s government released the former presidential contender on bail. Madero immediately fled across the border into Texas.

    • From San Antonio, Madero issued the Plan de San Luis Potosí, calling for

    revolution in October 1910. In this document, Madero characterized the recent elections as fraudulent, and called on the Mexican people to revolt a few weeks later, on November 20, 1910.

    • Plans for a general insurrection were thwarted, though. And Díaz was

    inaugurated again in early December. But thousands of revolutionary guerrillas responded to Madero’s call to arms. In spring 1911, revolutionary insurrections gripped much of Mexico.

  3. REVOLUTIONARY EFFORTS
    • The most concerted efforts were in the northern states of Chihuahua,

    Coahuila, and Sonora, where American financial interests were concentrated. There was also action in the central state of Morelos, where Emiliano Zapata led the revolutionary charge.

    • With unrest spreading, US president William Howard Taft ordered US

    forces to mobilize along the border. Fears of an American intervention put pressure on Díaz to negotiate with the revolutionaries. Additionally, a popular uprising led by the northern muleteer Pascual Orozco and the notorious bandit Pancho Villa tipped the scales against Díaz in the north.

    • On May 21, 1911, Díaz signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez. It provided for

    his resignation, the appointment of Foreign Minister Francisco de la Barra as provisional president, and the cessation of hostilities, along with new elections to be held in October 1911.

    • Madero agreed to leave the existing federal army untouched, however, even

    while assenting to the dissolution of revolutionary forces. Díaz’s judges, congressmen, and members of the state bureaucracy also remained in place.

    • While Madero’s primary objective was to abolish the Díaz dictatorship,

    many of the peasants and workers who had answered the revolutionary call had their own priorities in mind. Men such as Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa might have temporarily united behind Madero’s effort to overthrow Porfirio Díaz, but once the dictator was gone, irreparable differences arose between the revolutionary factions. During this period, Zapata visited Madero at his Mexico City home, hoping to convince him to redistribute agricultural lands to Mexican peasants.

  4. AFTER THE ALLIANCE
    • Madero handily won the October 1911 presidential election. But by the time

    he assumed office in November, his revolutionary alliance had crumbled. One reason for its failure was Madero’s refusal to restore the formerly communal lands of Morelos state to the villages. Instead, he called for more gradual measures. To Zapata, this was the ultimate betrayal. 22

    • As a result, Zapata put forth a revolutionary plan of his own—the Plan de

    Ayala—in November 1911. In it, Zapata called for the overthrow of Madero. He also called for the northern revolutionary general, Pascual Orozco, who had turned against Madero, to assume direction of the revolution.

    • Pancho Villa, however, remained loyal to Madero. Instead of joining the

    resistance, Villa and his men allied with the federal army led by General Victoriano Huerta. In 1914, they defeated Orozco’s forces, who fled north of the border.

    • Villa became so popular and respected after Orozco’s defeat that General

    Huerta began to view him as a rival. He cooked up a false charge of insubordination and had Villa imprisoned. Only President Madero’s personal intercession saved him from the firing squad.

    • In November 1912, Villa escaped prison and fled to the United States. In

    the meantime, Madero’s brother, Gustavo, discovered that General Huerta was conspiring with a nephew of the deposed dictator Porfirio Díaz to overthrow the president. The accomplice was Félix Díaz, a minor politician from the southern state of Oaxaca.

    • Gustavo Madero immediately ordered Huerta’s arrest. But once in custody,

    Huerta convinced the president of his loyalty. This faith in General Huerta would prove to be fatal.

  5. HUERTA TAKES POWER
    • Huerta had Gustavo Madero murdered, then placed the president and his

    vice president, José María Pino Suárez, in custody. US ambassador Henry Lane Wilson went so far as to encourage Huerta to overthrow Madero.

    • Huerta promised to spare the lives of Madero and Suarez if they resigned.

    And Madero, believing that he was staving off more bloodshed, agreed to step down. But days later, the two men were executed by guards, presumably at Huerta’s instigation.

    • Huerta’s regime enjoyed the backing of foreign business interests as well as

    of many Mexican elites. But Huerta also had many adversaries, including the newly inaugurated US president Woodrow Wilson and his secretary of state William Jennings Bryan.

  6. OPPOSING HUERTA
    • Venustiano Carranza was a large landowner whom Madero had appointed

    as governor of Coahuila state. In the weeks after Madero’s assassination, Carranza issued a political manifesto denouncing Huerta’s coup and calling for the restoration of constitutional government.

    • Pancho Villa returned to Mexico after Madero’s murder. Now, he joined

    Carranza and his top general, Álvaro Obregón, along with the other northern governors, as did Emiliano Zapata in the south.

    • This was a sizable anti-Huerta coalition, but it was united only by a

    determination to depose Huerta. For instance, while Carranza was interested in a constitutional democracy, Villa focused on local autonomy, and Zapata was determined to achieve significant land reform.

    • The alliance held together through 1913 and part of 1914. Mexico was

    now gripped in a bloody civil war. Eventually, when General Obregón reached Mexico City, the military dictator Huerta had no choice but to surrender. This initiated a new stage in the Mexican Revolution and civil war. Tensions boiled over, pitting Carranza’s constitutionalist vision against the populist notions of Villa and Zapata.

  7. CONFLICT CONTINUES
    • The civil war was devastating: More than 1 million Mexican lives were lost

    out of a population of 15 million. By mid-1915, the central government under Carranza and the military forces of General Obregón pushed Villa and Zapata back. Meanwhile, tensions mounted between Carranza and urban industrial workers.

    • Divided over issues of wages and price controls, workers initiated

    widespread strikes and built barricades in defiance of the government in the summer of 1916. Carranza used troops to squash the labor unrest, demonstrating that his allegiance rested with the employers rather than with the workers.

    • With the workers’ movement now all but shattered, Carranza and his allies

    convened a constitutional convention in December 1916 to craft a new constitution.

    • The constitution enumerated the rights of citizenship that Mexicans now

    enjoyed. But the new constitution did not produce meaningful land reform except to reinforce the concept of private property, including the legal sanctity of the large haciendas.

    • Additionally, in a country where 98% of the population was at least

    nominally Catholic, it took away the church’s right to own property and run primary and secondary schools, as well as the clergy’s right to wear religious clothing in public, vote, or criticize the nation’s laws and its political authorities. The new constitution was ratified in February 1917.

  8. CONCLUSION
    • When Carranza formally assumed the presidency in May 1917, the treasury

    was empty, employment scarce, and hunger common. Epidemics were rampant, and armed opposition persisted in many parts of the country.

    • With Zapata stoking agrarian resentments in the south and Pancho Villa

    riding roughshod in the north, Carranza realized he could not afford to provoke the ruling class of Mexican industrialists and elites. Therefore, the new constitution was only selectively implemented. Instead, Carranza concentrated on eliminating political rivals.

    • Zapata’s populist appeal was a particular bone of contention for the

    president. In April 1919, Zapata was lured into a trap. He agreed to meet a Carranza colonel who’d indicated he planned to defect to the rebel side. Zapata was double-crossed, ambushed, and killed.

    • Only a year later, it was Carranza’s turn. Conspiring to install a weak

    successor so he could continue to wield power after his term ended, Carranza betrayed the political aspirations of his top general, Álvaro Obregón, who expected to follow Carranza into the presidency. Johnathan Kandell, in his history La Capital: The Biography of Mexico City, writes that: When Obregón persisted in campaigning for the presidency and was on the verge of winning the 1920 election, Carranza had him arrested and brought to Mexico City to faced trumped-up charges of plotting against the government.

    • However, Obregón escaped. The army rallied behind him. Carranza

    transferred his government to the southern port of Veracruz and fled to the mountains, paying his men with sacks of gold coins that weighed them down.

    • His last miscue was to accept the assistance of a military guide in the

    mountains who was one of Obregón’s agents. On May 21, 1920, Carranza was shot dead in his tent. Four months later, Obregón was elected president.

    • Because of the instability and, in some ways, unfinished nature of the

    Mexican Revolution, some scholars date its end not in 1920 but rather in 1934 or even 1940. The subsequent decade, the 1920s, is often considered to have been a period of reconstruction in Mexico rather than of revolutionary upheaval.

    • But supporters of the Catholic Church warred against the secular state.

    This, combined with a tumultuous rebellion in the northern state of Sonora, meant it was a period of continuing unrest. The Mexican economy cratered in 1928. In 1927, the now-retired Álvaro Obregón had decided to run for the presidency once more.

    • Doing so necessitated assassinating two of Obregón’s rivals and having a

    compliant congress pass an amendment to the constitution allowing for his reelection. Obregón won, but before he could be inaugurated, he was assassinated by a disgruntled Catholic.

    • With the country again on the precipice of complete breakdown, the

    outgoing president, Plutarco Elias Calles, rallied his fellow countrymen to transition from the “country of a man” to a country of “institutions and laws.”

    • Calles himself embodied the model of strongman. His sincerity can

    be questioned. Even after stepping aside as president, he continued to rule in an unofficial capacity as the jefe maximo, or supreme chief, of the revolution. And under his direction, the political organ that Calles founded, the National Revolutionary Party, ruled Mexico uninterrupted for 71 years.

  9. READING
    • Hart, Revolutionary Mexico.
    • Kandell, La Capital.
    • Krawza, Mexico.
    • Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution.
  10. QUESTIONS:
    1. How is the Mexican Revolution rooted in its colonial past?
    2. How did revolutionary consensus fall apart as the Mexican Revolution

    progressed?

    1. What role did the United States play in the Mexican Revolution?
    2. Why did personalities matter so much in the Mexican Revolution?

28.4. Partition of India - Wikipedia

  • An example of problems of peaceful decolonization
  • By 1949, there were legal claims that 12,000 women had been recovered in India and 6,000 in Pakistan.[155] By 1954, there were 20,728 Muslim women recovered from India, and 9,032 Hindu and Sikh women recovered from Pakistan.[156] Most of the Hindu and Sikh women refused to go back to India, fearing that their families would never accept them, a fear mirrored by Muslim women.
  • The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India-Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab.[102][103][104][105] Virtually no Muslim survived in East Punjab (except in Malerkotla and Nuh) and virtually no Hindu or Sikh survived in West Punjab.[106]
  • Lawrence James observed that "Sir Francis Mudie, the governor of West Punjab, estimated that 500,000 Muslims died trying to enter his province, while the British High Commissioner in Karachi put the full total at 800,000. This makes nonsense of the claim by Mountbatten and his partisans that only 200,000 were killed":

29. Old titles

  • How are you grown as hell and have diarrhea, embarrassing
  • Capitalist colonizer
  • don't piss me off ; i hate you
  • I had a theatre room. Was that necessary?
  • The essence of crucifixion is that men are killing a criminal…
  • Milk from a cow
  • God will not have his work made manifest by cowards
  • ♡science only says nice things about you♡
  • I think I'm staying in I'm pretty tired I walked like 3/4miles
  • Math is fake.
  • mood
  • empirical literature?? soO FUN OMG.
  • Life is made up of a series of changes: & let us try to meet them in the best manner possible. (John Brown quote)
  • ready to talk shit about confederates and the stupid south
  • "lincoln is god" - karla 2022
  • revolution and counter-revolution
  • you know how white people are
  • He ido marcando con cruces de fuego el atlas blanco de tu cuerpo. Mi boca era una araña que cruzaba escondiéndose. En ti, detrás de ti, temerosa, sedienta.
  • If destruction be our lot, we must be it's author and finisher
  • the civil war was stupid and full of emotional racists
  • Did you just fucking sign you text hahaha
  • you're part of the problem
  • You are very special to me. Most people think you're horrible.
  • so in conclusion fuck europe
  • #FreeKarla2022
  • I was going to buy a house or a salt shaker. Haven't decided yet.
  • Oppression Olympics
  • The world needs to make me more pillows.
  • physics makes us all its bitches
  • no you have to wear inside clothes
  • water
  • bias is systematic error
  • stop putting words to how i feel about stuff
  • do you always eat half naked?
  • Loan->apartment-> school
  • hey thickhead
  • then i'd want to stay
  • sounds gucci
  • I wish I hadn't come.
  • You're so lucky.
  • what is and what should never be
  • lie to me
  • relaxing posture
  • the room is spinning
  • everything's going to be alright
  • I'm that white man - Karla 2022
  • Remind me to call about my passport
  • sitting at Karla's desk
  • if i dont think about it, its vegan
  • gross
  • thank you for letting me colonize
  • hawley running like a bitch.. i'm sure cheney put this in.
  • colonialism, capitalism,
  • I want to throw up.
  • Thank you for telling me how I feel
  • I don't have a fridge full of weirdos
  • there are sober children in Africa
  • let's review the last year

Author: Nikhil Dhawan, MD

Created: 2025-08-29 Fri 17:03

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